In article the requirements shown to animals, structure of a svinovodstvo of the republic are described. Components of breeding work are shined: the zootechnical account, a bonitirovka, thoroughbred cultivation, cultivation of pigs on lines, interlinear cross-countries, crossing. The maintenance of sows and male pigs is paid attention to age of the first insemination (copulation) for pigs. Other recommendations are made.
SELECTION and BREEDING WORK In SVINOVODSTVE
The most widespread breed in farms of AR Crimea is large white, the live weight of which adult male pigs makes 320-360 kg, length of a trunk – 182-190 cm, and sows – 245-260 kg and 166-170 cm respectively. Mnogoplodiye of sows on the average makes 11 heads. Animals of large white breed in an industrial svinovodstvo are desirable for using in interpedigree crossing with animals of meat and bacon breeds (landras, a dyurok, the Poltava meat breed, the Ukrainian meat breed and others).
Animals should meet the following requirements for an exterior: the head should be proportional to trunk size. At a normal structure of the head pigs have wide forehead and widely placed eyes. The neck imperceptibly passes to a trunk. Broad and deep chest. The shovels slantwise put and well adjacent to a trunk. A back and a waist wide and direct or arkoobrazny, i.e. slightly curved. Wide and long back. Feet widely and directly put. Smooth and brilliant hoofed horn. Smooth and dense skin with a dense and brilliant bristle.
To eksteryerny defects of pigs carry the rough heavy head with a narrow forehead that points to late ripeness. The narrow breast is an indirect indicator of bad development of heart and lungs. Pigs with the weak, incorrectly put feet are badly adapted for conditions of the contents in industrial complexes.
The following structure of a svinovodstvo of the republic should be the expedient:
● the selection and breeding group – 6 % – is intended for maintenance in purity, improvement and reproduction of breed, removal of intra pedigree types and lines and production of repair young growth;
● breeding reproduktorny group – 17 % from total number of a uterus in branch. Cultivation methods in this group are various – thoroughbred cultivation, crossing, hybridization. This group includes a livestock of reproduktorny farms and specialized farms on production of repair pigs;
polzovatelny group – 77 % from total number of a uterus of branch of the republic. It is intended for production of pomesny or hybrid young growth for otkorma and implementation otkorma in own economy.
Such structure of a svinovodstvo will allow to provide accelerated rates of genetic improvement of pigs and it is rational to use breeding resources.
The main structural unit of branch is the breeding plant in which selection and breeding work on continuous improvement of breed should be conducted. The following making of breeding work:
● the zootechnical account is a fundamental principle of work of the selector: the mecheniye of animals should be made, according to the last requirements, plastic labels;
● bonitirovka. The purpose of this action – to state an all-round assessment of productive and breeding qualities, to define a klassnost of animals according to the developed instructions. An important method of an assessment of a genotype of male pigs and sows remains control otkorm;
● thoroughbred cultivation – the main method of cultivation of pigs in breeding farms which keeps breed, increasing its number and supports constancy of the main pedigree signs. Thoroughbred cultivation by purposeful selection of desirable animals and selection of parental pairs according to the selection and breeding program of a concrete economy is carried out;
● cultivation of pigs on lines. This method is based on use of outstanding manufacturing male pigs as ancestors of lines. All successors of lines carry the same nickname, as the founder;
● interlinear cross-countries. Application of interlinear crossing gives the chance to involve in selection process breeding resources of breed more widely. Thus interlinear cross-countries should be carried out under condition of compatibility of lines;
● crossing. For the purpose of removal of new breeds or types it is necessary to apply absorbing, reproductive or factory types of crossing. These methods were widely and productively applied at various stages of pedigree transformation of a svinovodstvo of the country.
Breeding work should be conducted according to the program of selection and breeding work which is made for each economy individually with involvement of staff of research establishments.
Herd reproduction. The organization of reproduction provides the intensive ispolyyozovaniye of sows providing receiving to two farrows in a year and not less than 5 – 6 farrows from each for the entire period of their use.
Use of male pigs in system of reproduction pursues the aim of receiving a qualitative spermoproduktsiya on an extent not less chetyrex years.
The quantity of production received from a sow in a year or during the opredelenyony period of use, is in inverse relationship with a prodolyozhitelnost of a reproductive cycle which should be the following: insemination and suporosnost (114 days), farrow and lactation (45 days), single period (22 days). Thus, duration of a vosproizvoyoditelny cycle makes 181 days (114 + 45 + 22).
The age of the first insemination (copulation) for pigs makes 9 – 10 months at achievement of live weight not less than 120 – 130 kg by them. One of important factors of receiving good the mnogoplodiya is high-quality identification of sows in hunting and their timely insemination.
At single identification of hunting (morning) the first insemination provodyat at noon or evening of the same day, and the second – morning of the following. If uterus in hunting reveal two times per day (in the morning and in the evening), the first time them inseminate in 12 h, and the second – in 24 h after establishment of a reflex of an immovability at them. After insemination of sows maintain in individual machines of 1 – 2 days.
Single and suporosny sows contain both in individual, and in group machines (up to 8 – 12 heads).
In rooms for single and suporosny sows the temperature makes 18°S, relative humidity – 75 %, concentration of carbon dioxide – no more than 0,2 %, ammonia – 0,02 mg/l.
Rooms for carrying out farrows are subject to a special podgoyotovka. All sectors, as a rule, clear and disinfect. In 10 – 12 days prior to an expected farrow of suporosny sows bathe, obrabatyvayut special solutions, transfer to a room for farrows and place in individual machines.
In system of reproduction use the male pigs estimated on sobstyovenny efficiency and quality of posterity. Start to use them in 9 – 10-month’s age at achievement of live weight not less than 130 kg.
manufacturing male pigs contain in individual or group machines (up to 2 – 4 heads). The temperature in rooms should be 14 – 17°S. Daily it is necessary for them to organize physical exercise during 2 – 3 h on distance to 2 km. A mode of use of male pigs within a year – one corf in 4 days.
For reception of a farrow the towel, a pure sacking, scissors for umbilical cord cutting, 10 % – ny tincture of iodine, nippers for a skusyvaniye of teeth at pigs should be prepared. To newborn pigs the umbilical cord is processed iodine tincture, by teeth skusyvayut.
Receiving pigs. In 5 – 10 days prior to a farrow of glubokosuporosny sows it is necessary to transfer to a room for a farrow in individual machines.
On commodity farms with small volume of production expediently use of vygulny system of the maintenance of sows: for this purpose it is necessary to equip vygulny platforms in the area of 10 m ² on the head.
Feeding of sows is carried out in special rooms – "dining rooms" which are established in end faces of pigsties-matochnikov.
The first 3-4 days after a farrow the colostrum, which consumption by pigs very important as in blood of newborn pigs there are no humoral factors of a natural rezistentsiya (gamma globulins etc.) is allocated. Colostrum and milk is acquired almost for 98 %.
For the purpose of prevention of a withdrawal of pigs it is necessary to hold the following events:
● before placement of suporosny sows make disinfection of a room of 2-4 % – ny solution of caustic soda;
● 2 % – ny solution xlorofosa or 1 % – ny solution of caustic soda are necessary to wash and disinfect sows;
● for heating of pigs it is necessary to use heating lamps which would provide temperature in a den within 28 – 30ºS which reduce by fourth week to 22ºS;
● for the anemia prevention to pigs on the first – the second day of life is entered by the preparations containing iron;
● with a view of the prevention of gastroenteric diseases during the first hours lives it is necessary for pigs to enter a preparation kolistop or its analogs;
● water for a poyeniye of pigs should be fresh and pure temperature 22ºS, use of mamillar drinking bowls as water in troughs quickly becomes soiled thus is desirable.
Assessment on quality of posterity. Important action in work of any breeding pig-breeding enterprise there is an assessment on quality of the posterity which basis is control otkorm young growth. At the present stage it is necessary to restore control otkorm pigs. Besides, modern techniques control otkorma allow carrying out it directly in an economy, in available rooms. However an important condition there is a providing animals with the balanced forage.
First of all the young manufacturing male pigs intended to transfer to the main herd are estimated. A uterus having no more than two farrows steals up to them. Than a uterus with three farrows also is more senior it is necessary to check or at their outstanding parent qualities, or if necessary ocenivat individual combinations or at a combination of opreyodelyonny lines.
Estimate on feeding and meat qualities posterity of male pigs and a uterus, previously selected after its assessment on own efficiency in the course of cultivation (growth rate, thickness of salted pork fat).
The male pig will receive a final assessment on meat and feeding qualities after a successful conclusion control otkorma at least three groups of its posterity (12 heads). A uterus is estimated on four podsvinka from a nest.
For an assessment of parental pairs (combinations) from the kazhyody nest planned for control otkorma, it is necessary to select at two-month age of group of descendants – two mumps and two kabanchik. Animals should have the live weight close to average on a nest, but not less than 16 kg. But it is well-known, traditional, a technique of selection of podsvinok on control otkorm. The modern technique developed by scientists of institute of a svinovodstvo (Poltava), assumes to unite control otkorm with control cultivation of repair young growth. In this case from a sow select two pigs, one kabanchik and one hryachka. Hryachok and one mumps are estimated besides energy of growth and development on thickness of salted pork fat prizhiznenno and transferred to herd of repair young growth for further detection of their breeding value.
Podsvinkov on control fatten it is necessary to contain or groups up to four heads, or individually. Ploshhad the machine on one head should make not meyony 1,2 sq.m. Machines are equipped with feeding troughs.
Rooms for control otkorma it is necessary to equip with means for maintenance during the whole year of air temperature 18 – 20°S at relative humidity no more than 70 %.
Control otkorm. The registration period at an assessment of feeding qualities begin with weight of 30 kg on the average on group potomkov, and at individual the contents – each head. Finish otkorm on reaching everyone a podsvinok of live weight of 100 kg.
Otkorm it is necessary to carry out on standard kormosmesyax, balanced on nutrients. In laboratory of animal husbandry of the APP Crimean institute computer programs on selection of components for kormosmesy for kontrolnry otkorma pigs are developed. Components steal up proceeding from economy possibilities. Nutritiousness of the kormosmesy should provide daily average prirosty young growth on fatten not less than 600-650 g. To feed animals in plenty, 2 times per day, not doyopusky the remains and forage losses, to a pure trough.
The accounting of the forage eaten within days, it is necessary to conduct on each group of descendants (at the contents up to four heads in the machine) or on each animal at the individual contents. To store compound feed – in a dry room, periodicheski, isn’t more rare than 1 time a month, to supervise its kayochestvo (organoleptic). Nutritiousness of compound feed to determine by data of the chemical analysis, and in case of impossibility of its carrying out – according to the recipe.
To weigh animals it is necessary at statement and removal with control otkorma. The last weighing – before sending on slaughter is carried out after 12-hour hungry endurance.
Feeding qualities are estimated on the following indicators: I will increase (in days) achievements zhivojmassy 100 kg; a daily average gain (in g) for period otkorma from 30 to 100 kg of live weight; to a forage expense (in a forage, a unit) on 1 kg of a gain during the period otkorma from 30 to 100 kg of live weight.
Control the uboysviny carry out without sema skins (with a shparka). Meat qualities are characterized following by poyokazatelyami:uboyny weight (kg) – mass of pair ink with skin, brainless, feet and nephritic fat; in the length of the cooled ink (cm) measured from peyoredny edge of a lonny union to a forward poverkhyonost of the first cervical vertebra (hulks measure in leyozhachy situation, on a table); in the thickness of salted pork fat (cm), izyomeryaemy over the 6-7th chest vertebra.
Thus, only after carrying out control otkorma breeding male pigs and sows will receive a final assessment of their genotype, and the total quantity of points at certification of the breeding enterprise will be higher.
Item OSTAPCHUK, head of laboratory of animal husbandry of the APP UAAN Crimean institute, candidate of agricultural sciences.