In the publication it is a question that because of extreme climatic conditions the quantity of a protein in diets of animals, especially during the winter period, periodically decreases to critical level (30-40 % from norm). It leads to a considerable overexpenditure of forages by production of cattle-breeding production. In diets of ruminants it is possible to fill real possibility of replenishment of deficiency of a protein at the expense of urea.
In the countries where urea in animal husbandry use more on a substantial scale, industrial ways of production protein podkormok long ago are realized. The know-how of SPK "Bolshevik" of the Krasnogvardeysky area gives the grounds to consider that in the conditions of an economic crisis use of small doses of urea when feeding dairy cattle not only is safe, but also it is economically expedient.
ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT of EFFICIENCY of APPLICATION
Obespecheniyeratsionov enough of a protein remains an acute problem of the Crimean animal husbandry. Because of extreme climatic conditions and an economic crisis in republic agrarian and industrial complex the quantity of a protein in diets of animals in recent years, especially during the winter and stall period, periodically decreases to critical level (30 – 40 % from norm). It predetermines a considerable overexpenditure of forages by production of cattle-breeding production.
The considerable experimental material which confirms real possibility of replenishment of deficiency of a protein in diets ruminant at the expense of not albuminous nitric connections which urea concerns also is so far turned out.
High efficiency of application of urea when feeding animals doesn’t raise doubts. However in practice of cattle-breeding farms of the Crimea its use and other synthetic nitric preparations is almost suspended. It is caused, in our opinion, by several reasons: application of urea demands high culture of maintaining animal husbandry, absence of information on a chemical composition vyrashhennyxkormov, an exact assessment of equation of diets. Besides, use of urea is connected with certain additional expenses of work and funds for its acquisition, exact dispensing, careful mixing with sterns, gradual schooling of animals to the maximum dose and frequency rate of distribution of the forages processed by this preparation.
In the countries where urea in animal husbandry use more on a substantial scale, industrial ways of production protein podkormok long ago are realized. For example, in the USA, despite of mass production of high-albuminous forages (soya shrota, lyutsernovy, fish, meat – a bone flour), situation with providing with fodder protein remains intense. Therefore urea here became popular as favorable and rather compact source of nitrogen, and the additive it in a forage reached over 100 thousand t a year. On the basis of urea here are developed and fodder additives of "Starea", Gold about, etc., and in Hungary, Austria are widely used, Italy the granulated additives enriched with urea on the basis of a dry press, cereal concentrates and even cores of corncobs prepare.
Urea is a concentrate of active nitrogen (100 its g are equivalent 260 g of a perevarimy protein). In a hem of ruminants it quickly gidrolizuetsyas ammonia allocation, but not always completely ispolzuyetsyamikroflory a hem. In this case its surplus is soaked up in blood, and, being disinfected in a liver, is deduced from an organism. However at receipt of big doses of urea, the organism of an animal can not cope with such loadings that can have negative consequences.
Requirements are developed for prevention of noted phenomena for the purpose of control of use of urea in animal husbandry. So, according to recommendations existing now, the maximum permissible amount of urea for adult cattle is limited 0,3 g on 1 kg of live weight that averages 150 – 160 g on the head per day.
In works Ya.G. Chugunkova, 3. Gruzmana, etc., which studied different doses of a skarmlivaniye of urea a ruminant (80, 120, 140, 200 g on the head in days), considerable efficiency of those options at which used its small doses is established. To a similar conclusion some foreign scientists came also.
Proceeding from results of the researches carried out by us, experts of SPK "Bolshevik" together with the staff of laboratory of animal husbandry of the APP UAAN Crimean institute came to the following conclusions: the maximum quantity of urea on a cow in days shouldn’t exceed 70 g; during the winter period urea it is expedient to process a corn silo, and in the summer – green material of cereal cultures.
When processing the silo rich with organic acids, ammonia easily enters with them reaction with formation of salts of ammonium for which are already unusual neither toxicity, nor a pungent smell.
Experience carried out on dairy tvarnojferme (MTF) with a livestock of 203 cows (office No. 1, Nekrasovo’s page) against silage koncentratnogotipa feedings in winter stojlovyjperiod. The diet consisted of such forages: hay – 5-6 kg, straw-3-4, a corn silo – 25 – 30 kg and zernosmesili compound feed at the rate of 300 – 350 g on 1 l of milk. During the summer period of a cow were partially grazed and, besides, received a green grass from field crop rotations and the concentrated forages. The dairy and commodity farm (office No. 3) with the same quantity of cows and similar conditions of feeding and the contents was chosen as control. The main difference in programs of feeding of two MTF in the following: to cows of MTF of office No. 1 within the last two years systematically fed urea, and animal compared office it didn’t receive.
Advantage of the accepted technological option consists in its simplicity and reliability. In it the provided scheme of feeding by urea counting on one technological group of cows quantity of 50 heads, taking into account gradual schooling of animals within 24 days (tab. 1).
Scheme of daily dispensing of urea to cows
Process of processing of forages by urea such: near each group of cows established capacity on 25 l. The milkmaid twice per day, at the rate on one feeding (50 % of daily norm of a silo), dissolved urea in noted quantity of water and processed a silo after its distribution in a feeding trough (0,5 l of solution on 1 head). Therefore, processing a forage solution of different concentration, gradually accustomed cows to higher doses of urea.
If for any reason of a skarmlivaniye it temporarily stopped (though for one day), again it was necessary to begin everything at first.
In the summer urea fed not always, only in case of receipt of green cereals which don’t provide diets with a perevarimy protein.
As a result of supervision over use of its small doses in feeding of dairy cattle we came to a conclusion: (0,3 g on 1 kg of live weight) against unstable food supply are inexpedient to apply the recommended doses; the greatest effect is received at decrease in the maximum daily amount of urea twice and when using a corn silo rich with organic acids. It is necessary to accustom to consumption of urea of cows gradually, carefully mixing it with the main sterns; during the spring-and-summer period urea is expedient for adding only when feeding cows by cereals in which deficiency of a protein is felt.
The know-how of SPK "Bolshevik" of the Krasnogvardeysky area gives osnovanieschitat that in the conditions of an economic crisis of ispolzovaniyemaly doses of urea when feeding dairy cattle not only it is safe, but also it is economically expedient. However, we emphasize, it is a question of use of small doses, and dispensing in the conditions of farms should be under attentive control of experts.