In article the complex of actions providing rational system of protection of crops from harmful organisms is offered.
Now in a basis of protective measures on vineyards of Ukraine it is necessary to put protection from oidiuma, as this disease in all regions of wine growing of the South of Ukraine the most harmful.
In plantings of silnoporazhayemy grades of grapes before flowering carry usually out two sprayings against oidiuma – to a phase of development of 3-5 leaves of a grape plant and directly ahead of flowering. On steady grades of grapes at carrying out annual protective measures it is possible to be limited to one spraying – before flowering. The following round of protective measures – after grapes flowering, further – with an interval in two weeks, until, when processings stop before harvesting, taking into account term of expectation of applied means of protection of plants. Usually term of expectation makes 20-30 days, i.e. the last spraying can be carried out in 20-30 days prior to harvesting. The interval in two weeks is connected with that term of protective action modern fungicidov, as a rule, makes 14 days.
Such scientific and reasonable approach to planning of protective measures during the vegetative period is calculated on carrying out 7-8 sprayings from oidiuma for one season.
It is necessary to plan and protective measures from other diseases, first of all from mildyu and gray decay. Thus it is necessary to consider such circumstances. In recent years mildyu develops, as a rule, in August-September. Therefore, having in an arsenal highly effective fungicidy system action, it is possible to add them in a lateral mix or to apply fungicid, protecting grapes at the same time from oidiuma and mildyu, for example, Kabrio Top. A plentiful precipitation is necessary for development of a disease – more than 10 mm in 1-2 days then the incubatory period lasts from 3 to 10 days (the air temperature is higher, the incubatory period of development of a disease is shorter). Therefore the first spraying at protection from mildyu should be carried out by the time of the termination of this incubatory period by one of system fungicidov.
In protection against gray decay carry usually out four sprayings (after grapes flowering, a growth phase of berries, a phase of the beginning of their maturing and before harvesting). Thus term of carrying out spraying before harvesting define taking into account term of expectation applied fungicida, i.e. time period from the last processing before the harvesting recommended for each concrete fungicida.
For simultaneous protection from oidiuma and gray decay it is better to use such means which are effective against these two diseases, as, for example, Topsin M. Are sometimes limited to carrying out one spraying – before grapes harvesting under favorable conditions for development of gray decay (damp autumn). But then sprayings are necessary for carrying out specialized highly effective, expensive preparations – botriticitami, such as Teldor.
Use such fungicidov which protect grapes at the same time from mildyu, oidiuma and gray decay, as, for example, Euparen is rational.
As in recent years on vineyards of Ukraine injuriousness of a black spottiness considerably raised, inclusion in the general system of protection of plants of specialized sprayings against this disease is necessary. One spraying in a phase blooming of kidneys grapes and use in the subsequent, in phases 3-5 leaves and a small pea of berries grapes such fungicidov as Shavit F, Folpan, Efal, Strobi, Atsidan sharply reduces development of a black spottiness. Thus the total of sprayings will increase to 8-9 for vegetation.
Sprayings in protection against web and pochkovy pincers are necessary for planning only at their significant amount on sites (above an economic threshold of injuriousness) and at threat of considerable damage of the sheet device of plants or young escapes. Early-spring sprayings are most effective, at an exit of females of pincers from wintering, to an otkladka them eggs.
Number of a grozdevy listovertka above an economic threshold of injuriousness in Ukraine increases in recent years not every year and not in all generatsiya. Feromonny monitoring allows to allocate sites on which it is necessary to hold protective events, and also to define optimum terms of their carrying out. Thus when planning sprayings it is necessary to consider that regulators of growth and development of insects, such as Insegar or Lyufoks, it is necessary to put on a plant to an otkladka of eggs, i.e. under egg, and all other insecticides or insektoakaricidy (for simultaneous protection against a grozdevy listovertka and pincers) – by the time of an otrozhdeniye of caterpillars of a grozdevy listovertka. At a long otrozhdeniye of caterpillars of concrete generation of the wrecker, much more bigger, than term of protection of a preparation, spraying is necessary for repeating. Development of a grozdevy listovertka in four generatsiya is noted.
Combination of sprayings against diseases and wreckers, when using lateral mixes, will allow to cut down expenses. However it is necessary to remember possibility of combination of various means of protection of plants in a lateral mix, i.e. about compatibility of preparations. If similar data aren’t present, it is possible to be guided by that fact that producer companies of means of protection of plants consider necessary that preparations made by them could be mixed.
And an indispensable condition of all rational technologies of protection of plants – alternation of applied means of protection during the vegetative period taking into account the maximum frequency rate of processings for vegetation of grapes and a chemical class of pesticide. It relieves of the resistance phenomenon.
At a choice of means of protection it is necessary to use only those from them which are allowed for use in Ukraine, according to Perel_k pesticidiv i agroximikativ, dozvoleny to vikoristannya in Ukra§n i.
Requirements to quality of table grades of grapes are higher, than to technical the grades, going to processing. Therefore also the system of protective measures here should be more effective.
N. YAKUSHIN,
manager of department of protection and physiology of plants
National institute of grapes and Magarach wine,
doctor of agricultural sciences.