(Continuation. The beginning in No. 5)
In normal conditions the market itself regulates demand, the offer and market prices. However in selskokhoyozyaystvenny production a normal environment meets seldom. Annually in this or that part of the country, and often and as a whole about the country, crops of selskokhozyaystvenyony cultures are exposed various spontaneous bedstviyam as a result of which there are very big koleyobaniye of crops at same production zatratax. Already only for one this reason the state subsidizing of production of grain not dopuskat unreasonable bankruptcy of the main selskokhozyayyostvenny branch of the country is necessary. On the average from 1992 to 2001 the share of the state subsidies in the net farmer profit of the USA made 27,7 %, in 2000 – 47,7 and in 2002 – 46,9 %.
The great influence renders the American state on formation of a market supply and demand by financing of an agricultural science, razrabatyyovayushchy progressive technologies and production materials, and also Services of dissemination of knowledge, neobyokhodimy to farmers for development of the latest developments of nayouchno-technical progress. In 2004. United States Department of Agriculture rasxodovalo from the budget on development of a selskokhozyaystvenyony science of 1154 million dollars and on the maintenance of Service of a rasprostyoraneniye of knowledge of 1014 million dollars. The congress and the government of the USA especially carefully also it is thin regulate the market of food and fodder grain as its volumes and the prices define market konyunkturu the main food of the population: bread, buyolochny products, croup, meat, milk and dairy products.
Each grain culture in the USA has the prostranyostvo and time. The space is defined by a zone of placement of culture and the sizes of its cultivated area, and time – maryoketingovy year. It is known that in the USA there is a kukuruzyony belt, a wheaten belt and some other belts. Marketingoyovy year of wheat begins with June 1 and marketing year of corn – comes to the end from September 1 to August 31 on May 31. Within marketing year the United States Department of Agriculture rasschityvaet annual balances of production and grain consumption, and also defines its passing stocks on the end of the year and monthly informs all interested parties.
Regulation of demand, the offer and market prices osushhestvlyaetsya by reduction or increase in cultivated areas and withdrawal from processing of unproductive lands for preservation. The Minister of Agriculture can declare percent of decrease base ploshhadi grain crops only after a consent of the farmers, received on a referendum. Farmers usually agree on reduction of crops of grain crops as this measure promotes increase of market prices of grain. To the farmers who are taking part in programs on a soyokrashcheniye of cultivated areas, United States Department of Agriculture garantiruet receiving the minimum extra price. According to the adopted laws the minimum state zayemyony prices for ton of wheat were established next sizes: for 1990 – 71,43 dollars, 1991 – 74,72, 1992 of-80,95 dollars, 1993 – 89,74 and for 1994-2002 – 94,50 dollars. For 1 t of grain of corn the state guaranteed a poluyocheniye of the minimum extra price in 1991 – 63,77 dollars, in 1992-1993 – 67-71 and in 1994-2002 – 74,41 dollars the state Ustanovyolenny level of the extra prices for 5-7 years vpered, there is in essence guaranteed minimum price.
The law obliges Food Credit Koryoporatsiya United States Departments of Agriculture to pay to farmers the zayemyony price for each ton of grain, seeds of olive cultures and the cotton, intended for sale if market price falls below level of the established loan. The government of the USA guarantees thus receiving minimum prices for food and fodder grain, soybeans and seeds of olive cultures.
The mechanism of the minimum extra prices turns on avtomaticheski each time when market price falls below level of the established loan. This mechanism reduces the market offer and allows farmers to receive zayoemny money from the state, without selling grain in the market, and to use the received extra money for urgent production needs. The law obliges farmers to store grain until market price won’t exceed level of the established loan for proyoduktsiya unit. After that the farmer can sell production and vozvratit the credit together with percent of Food credit corporation of United States Department of Agriculture or compensate the duty in kind. The American authorities don’t establish the top level of market prices of grain. High market prices skladyvayutsya in the free market under the influence of forces of the market competition, supply and demand. However the American goyosudarstvo can contain growth of market prices by means of creation of passing stocks the grains which are storing in zakromax of the state and in farms. So, in 1998-2001 when passing stocks of wheat were in the USA at level of 24-26 million tons, mid-annual market prices fluctuated in predelax from 90 to 97 dollars/t. In 2002 marketing year the perekhoyodyashchy stock of wheat was reduced to 11,4 million tons, the srednerynochyony price for grain of wheat increased to 131,86 dollars/t.
Regulating passing stocks of grain, the USA make a great impact on formation of level of market prices not only on internal, but also world the markets.
From 1973 to 1996 in the USA the mechanism of the tseyolevy prices successfully worked. This mechanism was developed Nixon’s adyoministratsiy U.S. President on purpose a podderzhayoniya of market prices and stabilization of the farmer income. State prices were established to Tseyolevye above zayemyony level. On the size they came nearer to level of the smitovsky natural prices allowing the majority of farmers to compensate production expenses and poluchat profit (by Adam Smith’s definition, the natural price is such price which allows producers to compensate material production inputs, it is fair to pay work of hired workers to receive average rate of return on the advanced capital and to pay a ground rent to the owner of land).
According to the Law of 1990 the target prices for a psheyonitsa were established for 1991-1995 in the size for one ton of wheat: 146,52 dollars, corn grains – 100,26, a sorghum – 114,97, barley – 108,25 and oats – 100 dollars.
The mechanism of action of the target prices was closely coordinated with rayoboty the free market. Farmers, as usual sold grain in the market and if market price for the first 6 months of marketing year appeared lower than the target price guaranteed by a goyosudarstvo, the Food Credit Corporation of United States Department of Agriculture paid extra to farmers a razyonitsa between the target price and market price. The actual surcharge of the state to market price for sale of wheat made in 1991 of 2,7 billion dollars, in 1992-1993 – 1,8 billion dollars and in 1995 – 980 thousand dollars.
If average market price exceeded the target price, the farmer didn’t receive any surcharge. The target prices on svoyoy economic sense remind fixed garantiyorovanny target prices. The mechanism of the target (garantiroyovanny) prices smoothly operated in the USA within 23 years and was cancelled in 1996.
Legislators of the USA hoped that cancellation of system of the tseyolevy (guaranteed) prices will strengthen market orientation of the American farmers and the treasury can reduce volumes of direct state subsidies. However there was an obyoratny. In six years from 1997 to 2002 the state vyplatilo to the American farmers in the form of direct pravitelyyostvenny payments of 102 billion dollars or in 3 times more than for previous shestilety when operated sistema the target (guaranteed) prices.
In September, 2002. The congress of the USA passed the Law About a bezoyopasnost of farmers and investments for development of rural territories. This law provides creation for farmers of the many-tier market focused, ekonoyomichesky saving grid. The law of 2002 predusmatrivaetsya within the next 10 years to spend for an osushcheyostvleniye of state programs and rendering of direct financial support of farmers of 182 billion dollars.
There is an assumption that in XXIveke the agricultural industry of the USA will receive so many grants from the government, how many it is necessary for them. How many it is necessary not in narrow-minded sense skolko you will swallow, and in scientific understanding – how many potrebuetsya for providing a sustainable development of vysokotovaryony farms to create them necessary ekonomiyochesky conditions for achievement of a high konkurentospoyosobnost of farmers in the internal and external prodovolyyostvenny markets.
Valuable achievement of the American legislators and prayovitelstvo of the USA is creation of the reliable mechanism of performance of the adopted agricultural laws and goyosudarstvenny programs. The leading role in this mechanism is carried out by United States Department of Agriculture. For implementation of the agricultural laws adopted Konyogressom and programs to United States Department of Agriculture in 2003 it was allocated from the federal budget of 83,5 billion dollars and the staff of constant workers in quantity 101tys.chelovek is established. From them in central office of the Ministry rural xozyajstvaSSHA about 10 thousand people work, and 91 thousand staff of the Ministry of Agriculture work directly on places in counties and districts, providing implementation of deyyostvuyushchy laws and programs. United States Department of Agriculture raspolagaet a wide network of own workers, allocated zayokony certain rights and duties. All of them are accountable to United States Department of Agriculture, receive a salary from the Ministry of Agriculture and bear personal responsibility pered the Ministry of Agriculture for the charged site of work.
One of the largest divisions of United States Department of Agriculture is the Agency on marketing and regulation of state programs. In its staff 11530 people consist, from them 3361 persons work in maryoketing department, 7462 persons work in inspection Service zdorovya animals and plants and 707 people is engaged in an insyopektsiya of quality of grain. The zamesyotitel of the Minister of Agriculture of the USA directs this Agency. The main massa permanent members of staff of Agency works neposredstvenyono in counties and districts of states. On the contents and activities of staff of Agency for marketing and a regulirovayoniya of state programs United States Department of Agriculture izrasxodoval in 2003 from the federal budget of 1186 million dollars. This division the Ministry of Agriculture carries out a set of the functions which essence consists in creation of favorable usloyoviya for commission of commercial transactions to all participants of agrarian and industrial complex.
The main benefit from purchase of high-quality food is taken by the country population, koyotory also takes the most active part in a food markeyoting.
Service of agricultural marketing obespechivaet continuous control of observance of the established standards and quality of foodstuff. For implementation of these functions it has 9 laboratories which carry out numerous microbiological, chemical and physical analyses of meat, meat products, fish, milk, dairy products, eggs, fruit and vegetables.
(On materials of the International agricultural magazine).