With transition to market system of managing agricultural producers of Ukraine, experts and heads of agroindustrial formations of all forms of ownership all realize value of marketing in commodity production more deeply and all join in daily marketing activity more actively.
In the West agricultural marketing started to develop inyotensivno at the beginning of XXveka, and the extensive experience in the sphere of the marketing activity which mnoyogy elements can be used successfully in Ukraine there is already stored.
The special attention is deserved by experience of the United States of America. In this country of the power started to develop selyyoskokhozyaystvenny marketing from above, at macrolevel. The first the American legislators, heads Minyoisterstva of agricultural industry of the USA and scientists became interested in marketing. Due to the fast development of toyovarny production already at the end of XIXstoletiya in this country the problem of a market exchange strongly became aggravated. The prices for the goods bought by farmers and naseleniyoy quickly grew. At the same time the prices for production sold fermerami, remained very low. The congress of the USA otreagiroval on this complex national problem prinyatiyoy in 1898. Law on creation of the Industrial Commission. This Law authorized it to develop scientific base for adoption of the uniform trading legislation for all states of the country and to establish fair trading pravila for all participants of the market. In 1901. The commission podgotovila the Report to the Congress on 508 pages which became the first textbook on agricultural marketing.
In 1911 the Congress charged to the Ministry of a rural hoyozyaystvo to prepare the special report and allocated money for studying of a trading situation on food rynke. It was offered: to form in United States Department of Agriculture Service of agricultural marketing, which should assist farmers in creation of marketing associations, provide farms with an informayotsiya about production of agricultural production in the country, product cost, a market demand, razrabatyvat standards on production and packing, kontrolirovat observance of standards and a weight economy.
In 1914. The congress of the USA legalized existence of marketingoyovy service of the Ministry of Agriculture. Since then the Service selskokhozyaystvenyony marketinganepreryvno improves the strukturu and activity.
The congress and Administration of the USA made an essential contribution to development of agricultural cooperation of fermeryosky farms.
In 1915 in the USA already was 5424 agricultural kooperativa which members 651 thousand farmers consisted. The Torgoyovy turn of these cooperatives made 636 million dollars.
Thanks to concentration of marketing activity in agricultural cooperatives, American fermery got huge trading market force, pozvolivyoshy to them actively to influence the prices on which they sell the production and buy production materials. Trading activity of agricultural cooperatives of the USA became the powerful lever of regulation of market prices.
In 1916. The congress of the USA passed the Law About the federal farmer credits. According to this law the farmer credit system was organized on the basis of 12 districts. Each of them had Federal Land Bank, Federal intermediary credit bank and Bank for service of cooperatives. Usyotavna the capital of each of them in the sum of 750 thousand dollars was obrazovan at the expense of the federal budget. Each bank created own network in the form of credit associations, prinadlezhayoshchy to farmers. The farmer credit system is in a property of farmers and is supervised by farmers. In posyoleduyushchy years farmers redeemed its share of usyotavny fund from the state and now are full sobyostvennik of farmer credit system.
According to the Law of 1929. About an agricultural maryoketing in the USA it was educated at the expense of federal byudzheta stabilization fund of 500 million dollars for purchase and grain storage by marketing cooperatives. However these measures couldn’t stop falling of market prices. As a result of their falling monetary receipts from sale of selskokhozyayyostvenny production were reduced in 1932 in 2,4 times. Farmers ceased to pay the accounts and to return the bank credits. In the country mass bankruptcy of farms and banks began.
In March, 1933 when the Great depression reached the apogee, and all population of the country, including businessmen, bankers and farmers experienced huge financial and economic difficulties, the president came to the White house Franklin Roosevelt and started to realize actively the New course, proclaimed the state reguliroyovaniye of national economy the main task of the government.
In two weeks after inauguration the president predostavil to the Congress the bill on regulation of the selsyoky economy (AgriculturalAdjustmentAct), known obshcheyostvennost as the Law three And. The bill predusmatrival carrying out reduction of cultivated areas of zernoyovy cultures for the purpose of reduction of the market offer and rise in prices for grain, compensation to farmers of the losses connected with reduction of cultivated areas, at the expense of a vveyodeniye of the specific tax on the firms which are engaged in a pereyorabotka of agricultural production, carrying out a reyofinansirovaniye of arrears of farms before banks at the expense of the federal budget and some other measures.
The law On regulation of agricultural industry was prinyat the Congress and is signed by the president on May 12, 1933. On the same day the Law About a farmer mortgage was signed. This law charged to the executive authority to redeem bonds of Federal Land Banks at the expense of the budget for the sum of 2 billion dollars, allowed to renew dolgosrochyony crediting of farms and to extinguish a zadolyozhennost of farmers before creditors.
In May, 1933 F.Roosevelt, speaking at congress of trade board, called businessmen: Not to allow a pereproyoizvodstvo, an unfair salary and to eliminate unseemly working conditions.S with the purpose of realization of these tasks on June 16, 1933 the president signed the Law About a vosstayonovleniye of the national industry (NationalindustrialRecoveryAct). The passed Law recognized need of a soyotrudnichestvo of the government and industrialists, predlozhil to enter "fair competition codes", forbade a priyomeneniye of child labor, proclaimed the right of workers to an orgayonizatsiya of trade unions and the conclusion of collective agreements, established the minimum size of a salary and maksiyomalny duration of working week.
The laws adopted in 1933 began new etapu developments of the American agricultural industry. Since then the Congress of the USA adopts every 4-5-7 years the selskokhoyozyaystvenny laws defining the main macromarketing measures for regulation of food rynka of the country for the long-term periods.
In spite of the fact that since the first Law on a reguliyorovaniye of agricultural industry of the USA already passed more than 70 years, its basic principles remain so far.
Objective laws of market system of managing demanded from the legislative and executive authorities of acceptance of such macromarketing measures for regulation of the food market, which unable osushhestvit direct producers on mikrourovne.
In this regard to the Congress and the government of the USA prixoditsya to solve three types of macromarketing tasks:
· to stimulate growth of a market demand of the population on food and to regulate the market offer;
· to improve and install market mechanisms on price control on which farmers sell the production and buy production materials necessary for them;
· to develop a science, a production, market and social infrastructure at the expense of the state investments, soft loans and government guarantees on construction and modernization of agricultural cooperatives, the industrial enterprises in the rural zone, information centers, the state warehouse, federal roads, communication services, ochiyostny constructions and other objects of public using for inhabitants of the rural zone.
All laws adopted by the Congress on regulation of agricultural industry of the USA are directed on improvement of work market sistemy managing to provide consumers with the high-quality food on available cenam, and farmer families and all other population of the country the stable income, allowing to support a soyovremenny level of living.
Bulk of the income Americans zarabatyvayut in the market, selling the made goods, services, natural resources and own labor. The gross internal product of the USA made in 2002 of 10,4 trillion dollars, from them 69,9 % of gross domestic product were 7,2 trillion dollars raskhodovano on personal potrebleyony, or.
According to United States Department of Agriculture the average revenue of farmer house farms makes in recent years over 61 thousand dollars and for 8,6 % above the average income of all house farms of the country. The American farmers adhere to a market oriyoentatsiya and prefer to earn money in the market. On the average in a year from 1992 to 2001 farmers helped out from prodazhi agricultural production in the market of 196,5 billion dollars and received from the government in the form of direct subsidies of 13 billion dollars.
The American state constantly is engaged in a stiyomulirovaniye of a market demand of needy layers of a naseyoleniye by means of regulation of the market of labor and mnoyogochislenny food programmes. For the purpose of a povyyosheniye of purchasing power of the population salary indexation is carried out, the minimalyyony sizes of compensation are established, grants on a bezraboyotitsa stand out.
Large sums of own funds of a naseyoleniye and the federal budget, spent in the USA on a priyoobreteniye of food, promote increase of a market demand and the offer, stabilization of market prices and the income of farms. US authorities consider that the high income of the population became now the main source of a finansiyorovaniye of agricultural industry and other branches of agrarian and industrial complex, and sluzhat the most powerful engine of the food market of the country.
Low purchasing power of the population of Ukraine is now the main brake a razyovitiya of our food markets and causes mnoyogy failures in carrying out market reforms.
Continuation in the following number.
(On materials of the International agricultural magazine).