Scrap of fructifying semechkovy and kostochkovy cultures

In this article recommendations about rejuvenescence of fruit fructifying semechkovy and kostochkovy breeds are made.

The SCRAP of FRUCTIFYING TREES IN SEMECHKOV’S GARDENS And KOSTOCHKOVYX CULTURES

In use a garden support the created type of krone, limit their sizes and for the best lighting thin out an internal part. A scrap – important agrotechnical reception of care of a fructifying garden.

The zone of its influence on growth and fructification with increase in age dere­va is more and more limited. Therefore it is necessary for scrap to apply in all parts of krone, causing strengthening or reduction of force of growth of each acquiring branch, and regulating its loading a crop.

Apple-tree and pear scrap in growth and fructification (age of trees from 5 to 10-12 years)

After completion of formation of krone and the introduction of young trees in fructification the strengthened education of fructifying branches is continued, the crop increases every year, fruits are formed big, growth of escapes still very strong, but already gradually decreases. The task scraps during this period is in support of normal growth of escapes (30-40th), krone restriction in the set parameters for sufficient an osvetleyoniya of its center that provides increase of productivity and regular fructification.

The main way scraps – a prorezhivaniye. In krone first of all cut out branches that grow in the middle, zagushhayut it, and also that intertwine among themselves, damaged vredite­lyami and diseases, dry, broken, frozen slightly. During too time, thin branches don’t cut out absolutely, and only shorten, leaving length the 15-25th. On these branches kolchatka and other fructifying branches will be formed then. At trees since the beginning of their fructification, especially at grades with friable krone (An aurora, Tavriya, etc.) regularly cut out nizhyony branches which hang down to the earth and stir Simirenko’s Rennet to soil machining. Especially carefully thin out grades with high on-begoobrazovatelnoy ability (Aydared, Johnathan, Glory to winners, etc.) Escapes above 70sm shorten to 60sm. For a branching at grades with weak pobegoobrazovatelny ability (A rennet Sparkling, Salgirsky, etc.) shorten more strongly, leaving their length the 40-50th. At grades, koyotory are characterized by sharp periodicity of fructification (King Devid, Stark red Gold, Kandil and others) after completion of formation kro­ny shorten Sinop annual prirosty skeletal and semi-skeletal branches for 1/3-1/2 lengths. In the conditions of a garden irrigation truncation annual priros­tov at such branches stop: for skoroplodny grades on 1-2, for grades with pyramidal krone and late-bearing for 2-4 years. At a nedostayotochny and non-uniform water mode of the soil conductors of the main branches moderately cut (for 1/3 lengths) behind an exception prirostov the poluskeletyony branches which truncation isn’t carried out by 1-4 years. Necessary priyoyomy for trees of a pear there is a truncation separate prirostov or it is even better – their deviation before horizontal situation that promotes more active formation on them flower kidneys and doesn’t provoke local activity of growth.

Scrap in fructification and growth (from 10-20 years)

Trees during this period continue to increase productivity, fructify, as a rule, annually, marketability of fruits the high. But moderately increases in productivity prirosty decrease that weakens formation of young plodonosny branches. Efficiency decreases, first of all, on stayory branches, fruits on them become shallow. During this period trees cut off silyyony, rejuvenate the oldest fructifying branches and shorten all year gain for 1/3-1/2 lengths. Weak prirosty shorten more strongly, strong – is weaker. In days of big crops at the end of this period on trees many small fruits therefore at all grades rejuvenate old vet­ki are formed, tops of the skeletal shorten on 2-3 summer wood over a lateral branch. Semi-skeletal and acquiring branches also shorten on transfer. At the same time the middle of krone thin out more strongly, ukorayochivy and cutting out on a ring old branches.

At grades of kolchatochny type of fructification (Kandil Sinop, the Rennet Shampanyosky, Salgirsky, etc.) except a prorezhivaniye and truncation of branches of rostovy type, thin out and difficult kolchatka rejuvenate. At grades Golden Delishes, Crimean, Dzhonagold, Salute and others odnoletyony prirosty, as a rule, don’t shorten, and instead cut out poocheyoryodno 1/4 or 1/5 parts of acquiring branches, leaving hemp (5-10 cm), on koyotory form new fruit educations, i.e. the main attention ude­lyayut to cyclic replacement of branches that otplodonosili. Growth of trees in mezhdu­ryadyax limit to 2,0-2,5M and leave a gleam between them the 40-50th.

At the age of 20 years also is more senior, when at apple-tree and pear trees growth oslabe­vaet, and annual prirosty to the completion of vegetation reach lengths the 10-20th, and in bumper-crop years at trees many small fruits, during this period except the general scraps are formed, carry out krone rejuvenescence. Degree scraps depends on a right choice of a place of its carrying out on raznovozrayostny parts of a branch. High efficiency rejuvenating scraps dosti­gaetsya at truncation of branches for a certain thickness of more silnorosyoly grades.

For fast renewal of growth of skeletal branches they need to be shortened in the middle of a year gain (30-40th) last years. The cut is better for making over a simple kolchatka with one or two kidneys. If such kidneys aren’t present in a cut place, a branch cut off on a lateral branch. Old ploduxi and kolyyochatka cut off below a place of a branching and leave penyok 1-1,5 see. Thus it is necessary to adhere to rules: than the fruit branch is more senior, than subjects it is stronger obreza­yut.

For the second year after rejuvenating scraps carefully thin out krone and shorten long escapes. At grades with high pobegoobrazovatelny ability lateral annual branches in length to 50 cm not ukora­chivayut, and strong cut off to 40-50 cm, a superfluous gain delete. At grades which it is weak vetvyatsya, a lateral gain shorten to 25 see. Rejuvenate periodically trees strongly and srednerosly grades on semenyony and srednerosly stocks – once in 5-6 years, on slaborosly – through 3-4 go­da, it is better in poor harvest or slabourozhayny years. Results of researches of the last years testify that at some grades on slaborosly stocks it is better to carry out stamping of acquiring branches on 2-3 summer wood. Dynamic replacement of branches, otplodonosivshy by means of rejuvenating scraps on replacement with 3-5 summer cycle, creates a necessary ratio between rostovy and fruit obrayozovaniye in krone. Regular fructification and formation of vysoyoky crops of high-quality fruits is as a result reached. The essence rejuvenating scraps on replacement of otplodonosivshy branches (cyclic) is that kazhyody year 3-4 acquiring branches rejuvenate on 3-4 summer wood. A cut carry out as it is possible closer to a trunk, leaving penyok with sleeping pochka­mi. In the first year on hemp receive some escapes, from them 1-2 cut off again on penyok, and the others leave on fructification, at a big zagushchennost some delete on a ring. For the second year on the left escape generativny kidneys are stuffed up, on the third – the fourth year on a tayoky branch receive a crop.

Rejuvenescence – a main type scraps of trees strongly damaged by frosts. To a scrap them begin with removal of the lost branches. Skeletal branches rejuvenate on 2-5 summer wood. Strongly poyovrezhdenny trees rejuvenate more strongly, thus leave plodonosyayoshchy wood with the young, not damaged branches. To trees gru­shi which fruit educations considerably povrezhdyony frosts, rejuvenescence of acquiring branches is necessary, and at need and prorezhivany kroner, and as truncation otyodelny year prirostov, for the grades having weak pobegoobrazova-telny ability. Itself a scrap, even rejuvenating, it is not capable vo­zobnovit fructification of plantings if there will be no intensive care of a garden, due consideration podkormkam, water security of trees, protection against wreckers and diseases etc.

Scrap of fructifying trees of kostochkovy breeds

Kostochkovye are characterized by a skoroplodnost, high productivity and early term of maturing. They have short-lived fruit an obrazovayoniya with simple fruit kidneys. Without scraps the krone of trees in their lower part quickly becomes bare and their fructification moves on the periphery. Weak year prirosty (to 10 cm) at sweet cherry and a cherry generally fruit kidneys and only a top kidney – rostovy on each side bear. Such ve­lichiny prirosty don’t shorten. At truncation strong prirostov a cut carry out on a rostovy kidney. Rejuvenating to a scrap begin during earlier period, than on an apple-tree not to allow wounds large razme­rov.

At slivytsvetochny kidneys are formed on escapes, long-term shporets and buketny branches. The highest efficiency of shporets and buketyony branches in the first 3-4 years of fructification. At good growth (30-50 cm) escapes of continuation of skeletal branches and large acquiring branches pro­rezhivayut krone, weak branches and zhiruyushchy escapes at the basis of skeletal branches delete. Shorten only annual prirosty in the length more 50sm (for their 1/3-1/5 lengths). At grades with a pyramidal form of krone (Raisin Eric, Early dark blue) obrezky on transfer on external branches of the second a poyoryadka well shined kroner create.

For grades with fructification on shporets and buketny branches it is better pri­menyat differentiated to a scrap (as well as on an apple-tree), including an omolazhiyovaniye of small acquiring branches. Prirosta at grades with fructification on annual branches can’t be shortened strongly as it causes snizheyony a crop. Moderate truncation (1/3-1/5 lengths of an annual gain) increases the size of fruits. Decrease in height of krone at plum to 3-4 m is highly effective reception. Krone in height of 5-7 m reduce by truncation of the leader and tops of skeletal branches (at the demanded height) by their transfer to the next lateral otyovetvleniye with leaving of a protective link.

At weak (to 10 cm) growth carry out easy rejuvenescence of branches of all kro­ny. Rejuvenate as acquiring branches by truncation on 2-Zletnyuyu wood.

Cherry plum. On grades with metlovidny and intermediate kroner, plodonosyayoshchy generally on annual prirostax and partially on shporets, in the early spring carry out strong truncation annual prirostov on 1/2 them dli­ny. The combination of early-spring truncation to a summer pintsirovka (in the first or second decade of June) increases productivity and commodity qualities plo­dov. On grades with the slivovidny krone, fructifying generally on plodoyovy branches and only partially on annual prirostax, it is recommended to apply a prorezhivaniye of fruit branches and weak truncation odnoletyony prirostov.

Apricot. Flower kidneys at an apricot are formed on annual pri­roste and shporets.

Productive period of shporets of 3-5 years. At good growth of escapes (30-40 cm) at well vetvyashhixsya grades a main type scraps is proyorezhivany kroner. At length of a gain of the 50-60th it shorten on 1/3 dli­ny. At a weak gain (less 30sm) apply stronger ukorachivayony or do transfers on 2-Zletnyuyu wood.

Considerably raises a crop of trees and the combination early-spring scraps with a summer pintsirovka odnoletyony prirostov in the third decade of May and the first decade of June promotes a regular plodoyonosheniye.

The peach fructifies on prirostax formed in previous year. Obyorezka of a peach on the small areas is better for seeing off on a pink bud. During this period it is possible to define, what length it is necessary to leave a gain after scraps and by that to normalize a crop on a tree because at per­sika useful zavyazi (50-75 %) and absence scraps always leads high percent to an overload of trees urozhayoy, to deterioration of fruits. In fructification carry annually out a prorezhivaniye of vertical branches on external lateral branchings.

Conductors of skeletal branches shorten strongly, by transfer to below located normal gain. At truncation of a branch the second a poyoryadka coordinate to branches of the first order. Tops and premature prirosty delete on a ring. At bad growth and an ogoleniye of krone of a peach (age of 7-8 years) apply easy rejuvenating to a scrap on 2 – 3-year wood with transfer to a lateral or external well growing branch. At a strong ogoleniye of branches (age of 10-12 years) carry out transfers on dre­vesinu 5-6 years, coordinating branches of the second order to the first. For krone filling, in this case, use tops. In the summer on such trees provo­dyat green to a scrap, deleting or pinciruya superfluous escapes. Such a scrap promotes receiving high-quality fruits still during 4-5let. Begin to a scrap with older trees and zakan­chivayut young at which krone formation isn’t finished yet. Kosyotochkovye cut off in dry weather as thus in cold and crude weather they suffer a kamedetecheniye that strongly weakens growth of trees. Thus, for achievement of the highest effect at a vyrashchiyovaniye of a garden it is necessary to consider as much as possible biological features of breeds, grades, level of an agrotechnology and extent of filling of krone fruit educations in each concrete year.

N BABINCEVA, senior research associate of department of technology of cultivation of processing of storage of fruits of the Crimean experimental station of gardening of IS UAAN.