In article characteristics of grades of this culture, features of an agrotechnology and optimum terms of performance of all agrotechnical receptions are in detail stated: selection of predecessors, soil processing, fertilizer, crops.
Panegyric (or praise) winter wheat
There are questions on which
there is no fashion.
It is a question of a daily bread.
K.A.Timiryazev
The mankind uses in the food, generally about 20 types of plants, thus a half of them is made by the grain. They, as a food source for people, occupy a leading position in the most different geographical conditions. It is caused by a genetic variety of this group of cultures, their unusual ability to adapt to soil and climatic conditions of growth. Grain actively use intensification factors, reacting to them considerable increases of a crop, and are characterized by high factor of reproduction and are rather undemanding to technology of cultivation.
In the Crimea grew up wheat still B.C. Thus it made not only for satisfaction of own needs, but also for export. Passed centuries, the governments were replaced, and wheat remained leading culture of the peninsula. Changes mentioned only specific and, of course, high-quality structure. If at the beginning of agriculture development preference sent her to summer forms, with introduction of crop rotations and with existence to them pure parov, crops of winter wheat extended.
It is necessary to pay tribute to our ancestors. They within centuries created populations of winter wheat. On our peninsula well-known were Krymki local which not simply gave a quite good crop, and a quality crop.
In the Crimea winter wheat on the area to 400 thousand hectares is annually grown up. Its highest productivity was received in 1990 – 36,5 c/hectares.
Winter wheat possesses great potential opportunities, in comparison with summer grain as uses for growth and development the optimum periods – autumn and spring. During the autumn period it develops powerful root system and under favorable conditions begins clusters. In the spring, long before crops early summer, this culture renews spring vegetation, using the moisture which has been saved up for the autumn and winter period.
Approximately in the second decade of April (at early and warm spring slightly earlier) the steblevaniye begins. At this particular time plants make very high demands to security with moisture and nutrients, this phase call critical though the following – a kolosheniye isn’t less important.
Watching plants of winter wheat during the whole period of growth and development, you are convinced what to create a highly productive plant possibly under optimum developing conditions during the whole period of vegetation.
Predshestvennikamiozimy wheat pure and busy pairs, and then leguminous, propashny, except sunflower are the best. The sunflower and sternevy – is already undesirable predecessors, they considerably lower a crop of winter wheat and its quality.
Professor P. I.Bogdan wrote that, in comparison with pure steam, on busy pairs, leguminous and bakhchevy, the crop of winter wheat decreases no more, than for 15 % while on sunflower, sorgovy and sternevy decrease reaches 35 %.
Soil processing. Depending on a place occupied by winter wheat in a crop rotation, the system of processing of the soil has some features. However problems of processing of the soil, irrespective of the predecessors, almost identical: complete preservation of the moisture available in the soil and arriving with an atmospheric precipitation, during the period from cleaning of the predecessor before crops; increase of stocks of the nutrients available to roots of plants of winter wheat and destruction of weed vegetation. These tasks on steam fields are most fully carried out.
In our droughty country exclusive value is given to a postharvest lushcheniye of all fields without an exception. But, especially, the fields which are taken away under the winter grain. On nevzlushcheny massifs a lot of moisture is wound by a soil surface (capillary outflow), much it takes away and expanding weed plants. The fields which are taken away further under pure steam, loosen on depth till 20-22 see. To carry out the main processing of the soil on a steam field it is better since autumn, than to leave it for the spring. N. Klepinin’s A N more wrote … at long autumn much easier to lift steam, than during short spring.
Busy pairs either are plowed, or processed small and superficially. It, first of all, depends on developing weather climatic conditions: in the majority the ambassador of cleaning of parozanimayushchy cultures the field vzlushhivayut on 6-8 cm, and then during the summer is carried out by level-by-level processings in process of emergence of weeds. If weeds annual, depth of a lushcheniye no more than 8 cm if are available long-term kornevishchny and korneotpryskovy, are allowed in the first half of summer a lushcheniye till 10-12 see. When in harvesting from busy steam or at once after it will pass plentiful rains, plowing a short time by plows with predpluzhnik and with obligatory subsequent cutting is allowed on this field. The plowed soil should be condensed, and the top layer is cut to a melkokomkovaty condition to avoid excessive evaporation of moisture and to provoke shoots of weeds. During the summer the main requirement to processing pure and busy parov – the contents them in a pure condition from weeds; surface melkokomkovaty, admissible depth of cultivations in the second half of summer – to 6-7 see. All not steam predecessors are processed only small and superficially, without a layer turn to the maximum to keep and save up moisture in the soil. To process it it is desirable tools shirokozakhvatny, combined, in order to avoid consolidation of the soil and excessive expenses of combustive-lubricating materials.
Recently on steam fields for fight against weed vegetation combine mechanical and chemical methods. Derivatives of izopropilaminny salt – glifosaty are recommended for introduction. Most widespread of them: Volcano, Raundap, Raundap BIO, etc. Bring herbicides on vegetiruyushchy weeds in their active growth by a dose from 2 to 6 l/hectares, depending on contamination type.
Fertilizer. Winter wheat is sympathetic on the brought organic and mineral fertilizers. To receive big crops of winter wheat with quality of grain not below the third class it is possible only applying fertilizers. Without application of fertilizers, i.e. at natural fertility of the soil, in our experiences, productivity of winter wheat on pairs was 35-40 c/hectares, on not steam predecessors – 25-30 c/hectares. But grain had very low quality indicators: the maintenance of a gluten on couples of 21,3-23,0 %, on not steam predecessors – less than 20 %; a steklovidnost of 65,5-72,7 % and less than 50 %, respectively on predecessors.
Rough dose of introduction of mineral fertilizers on a waterless valley – N40R40 under the main processing of the soil. Quality of grain considerably improves: the quantity of a gluten increases to 27-29 %, steklovidnost-more than 80 %. It is possible to bring, of course, and big doses of fertilizers, but whether they will pay off?
In any way it is impossible to dismiss and organic fertilizers, in particular, KRS manure, and in recent years and manure from integrated poultry farms. If we know about KRS manure almost everything, the last is necessary for studying.
KRS manure at introduction it on a waterless valley a usual dose of 20-30 t/hectares on steam fields raises a grain yield on 3-7 c/hectares, thus its action proceeds 3-4 years. It not only raises a crop and its quality, but also has favorable impact on physical properties of the soil, its air and water modes.
Terms of sowing, norm of seeding and depth of seal. The size of a crop depends and on quality of a sowing material. Seeds of wheat should be not lower than 2-3 reproductions. Their Protravlivaniye it is obligatory, especially at crops on not steam predecessors.
Calendar and optimum terms of sowing of winter wheat not always coincide. If to follow calendar terms, it is necessary to start crops the last five-day week of September while optimum conditions for crops sometimes develop only in the second decade of October. According to numerous research data, in a steppe zone the optimum period of sowing connect with transition of daily average air temperature through +180S and decrease in temperature of the soil on depth of seal of seeds on the average to +10-140C. At establishment of term of sowing availability of moisture in the soil is considered also. It is possible to sow, if in an arable layer not less than 20 mm of moisture or it absolutely dry. Terms of sowing of wheat – it not only size, but also quality of a crop. Therefore, establishing sowing terms, it is necessary to consider daily average air temperature and soils, humidity of a sowing and arable layer, high-quality features, equipment existence in an economy. It is necessary to remember that reduce a crop and its quality both obviously early, and very late terms of crops.
Having decided on crops term, it is necessary to establish norm of seeding. The basic principle of establishment of this norm – receiving the most big crop at the minimum expense of seeds. Main criteria: crops term, availability of nutrients in the soil, a contamination, biological features of a grade. Optimum norm of seeding – 4,5-5,0 million vskhozhy seeds on 1 hectare. In the conditions of a drought, at late terms of crops, at crops on the worst predecessors, the norm of seeding should be increased by 15-20 %.
Depth of seal of seeds no more than 8 cm and not less than 4 see. The absolute weight of seeds, crops term, high-quality features is considered.
Depth of seal of seeds not less important agroreception, than all is higher the listed. In practice cases when on steam fields, wishing to close up seeds to the damp soil (as a result of excessive depth of preseeding cultivations a sowing layer are known was dried up), depth of seal increased to 8 cm and more. First, shoots appeared with a considerable delay, secondly, weakened (differed from poseyanny on optimum depth even on color), thirdly, practically didn’t cluster – all stock of nutrients of a seed left on breaking through to life.
The postsowing prikatyvaniye annulate shporovymi skating rinks is obligatory.
L.Radchenko, the deputy director on a science of the APP Crimean institute, K.Zhenchenko, the senior research associate of laboratory of agriculture of the APP Crimean institute.