In this article recommendations about cultivation of forage crops in the conditions of financial crisis are made. Expansion of the areas under the most fruitful long-term herbs will promote increase of economic efficiency of animal husbandry.
LONG-TERM HERBS – the SOURCE of HIGH-QUALITY CHEAP FORAGES
Effective maintaining branch of animal husbandry is in many respects caused by security of a livestock with high-quality cheap sterns. In the conditions of financial crisis reorientation of a kormoproizvodstvo to cultivation of the cultures providing the smallest dependence of branch from weather conditions, guaranteeing possibility of receiving the stablest crops of forage crops in years different in meteoconditions has importance.
Among all forage crops cultivated in the Crimea the special place is occupied by long-term herbs. Growing in the most various agroclimatic conditions, thanks to well developed root system and the long period of vegetation, they it is better than other cultures use nutrients and moisture stocks from the soil. Cultivation of long-term herbs for several years on one place doesn’t demand annually considerable material and labor inputs connected with preparation of the soil, crops, introduction of pesticides, providing low prime cost of the non-polluting forages, to completely meeting zooengineering requirements. Therefore the leading role in a solution of the problem of providing animals in the Crimea should be allocated by qualitative sterns for long-term herbs: on an irrigation – a lucerne, and in the conditions of a waterless valley – esparcetu or to their mixes with cereal herbs. Cultivated areas under them in structure of crops of forage crops should occupy not less than 50-60 %.
As predecessors for long-term herbs choose grain crops more often. The main preparation of the soil under crops of herbs consists in an eddish lushcheniye on depth of 8-10 cm directly after cleaning of previous culture, plowing on depth of 25-27 cm not later than the first half of September and one, and at need and two deep cultivations during the autumn period for alignment of a field and destruction of weeds. Under plowing by soil preparation under a lucerne it is necessary to bring 60-90 kg of P2O5 active ingredient, and at the low content of potassium in the soil the same quantity of K2O. Under esparcet to introduce mineral fertilizers not expediently.
Spring preparation of the soil consists of a boronovaniye zyabi and preseeding cultivation on depth of 5-6 cm with a simultaneous prikatyvaniye annulate shporovymi skating rinks. If since autumn the field is well leveled also pure from weeds, in the spring it is possible to be limited to one boronovaniye with a prikatyvaniye. To sow long-term herbs it is necessary after crops of early summer cultures by zernotravyany seeders with an obligatory prikatyvaniye. Norm of seeding of a lucerne 16-18, and esparceta – 80-100 kg/hectares. Processing of seeds of a lucerne and esparceta before crops the rizotorfiny gives a positive effect.
The irrigation of a lucerne is in maintenance of humidity of a meter layer of earth at level not below 75 % of NV that is reached by carrying out 4-5 vegetative waterings by norm of 600 m3/hectares. After each hay crop it is necessary to water not later than in three days.
For the second year on lucerne crops early in the spring it is necessary to carry out a boronovaniye to two traces across ryadok, and on more age crops – a disking a heavy disk harrow with an angle of attack from 15 to 30o. On the herbages of the third and fourth years of using located on heavy soils, it is more expedient to carry out a shchelevaniye on depth of 30-35 cm or a chizelevaniye chisels on depth of 20-25 cm through 40 cm across ryadok.
In the spring on crops esparceta the first year of using carry out a boronovaniye to two traces, for the second and third years of using – soil loosening by spring or rotational harrows, and at sufficient density of herbage – cultivators with dolotoobrazny bodies. These receptions are carried out for loosening of the condensed top layer of earth, destruction of weeds, a zadelyvaniye to the soil of the last year’s vegetative remains and destruction of places of wintering of wreckers.
Expanding crops of bean long-term herbs, it is necessary to mean that in a stern (both the lack of protein, and its surplus) can lead absence of necessary balance of nutrients not only to an overexpenditure and ineffective use of forages, but also cause diseases of animals. Improvement of quality of forages is promoted in many respects by multicomponent bean and cereal mixes of the long-term herbs which use allows, without reducing productivity of fodder grounds, at the expense of complementarity of different types of herbs to reach necessary balance of nutrients in a stern. In the Crimea the best cereal components for such travosmesy on irrigated lands treat a hedgehog the national team, an ovsyanitsa meadow, rajgras pasturable and a kostrets bezosty, and in the conditions of a waterless valley – zhitnyaki narrow and shirokokolosy, a kostrets bezosty. An agrotechnology of cultivation of bean and cereals travosmesy same, as well as for bean herbs. The norm of seeding of seeds of cereal components makes 20-26 kg/hectares, thus the quantity of sowed bean herbs decreases for 40 %. Effectively to use such herbages not less than 5-6 years are possible. However, since third year when the quantity of bean components in herbage as a result of a natural izrezhivaniye doesn’t exceed 25-30 %, on irrigated lands it is necessary to carry out top dressing by nitric fertilizers to the early-spring period and after each hay crop directly ahead of watering to bring them on 30 kg of active ingredient on hectare.
Green material of long-term herbs cheaper and is more high-grade than corn and winter forage crops on nutritiousness.
Preparation of long-term herbs allows to carry out also transition on less power-intensive and physiologically more acceptable for animals hay-senazhny feeding type.
Expansion of the areas under the most adaptive to conditions of the Crimea, so and fruitful, long-term herbs will promote increase of economic efficiency of animal husbandry, a resursosberezheniye, improvement of an ecological condition of the region, increase of fertility of soils.
O. Ptashnik, A.Prikhodko, L.Haritonchik, research associates of the APP UAAN Crimean institute.