In a material secrets of human memory, ways of its training and feature of memory of great people reveal.
Beyond the unknown
Beyond the unknown
I hear and forget, I see and I remember, I do and I understand
The known American mathematician and cybernetics D. Neumann counted up that the human brain can contain about ten in the 20th degree of units of information, that is each normal person in a condition to remember all data containing in million volumes of books. But in life of it doesn’t occur. In what a riddle?
In Ancient Greece mother of nine muses which patronized all sciences and arts called Mnemozina.
Listen that mortal suslal I:
Number to them invented
And letters teach to connect -
To them memory gave, mother of muses – all the reason.
Eskhil, Prometheus words.
Socrat gives very original explanation in one of dialogues. He tells the following about memory: … in our souls there is a wax plate at whom it is more who has less, at one of purer wax, at other of dirtier or of more rigid, and at some it is softer, but is at whom and moderately. Let’s tell now that this gift of mother of muses, Mnemozina, and, enclosing it under our feelings and thoughts, we do in it a print of that we want to remember from videnny, slyshanny or ourselves thought up, as though leaving on it prints of rings. And that stiffens in this wax, we remember and we know, while the image of it when it is erased or not already places for new prints remains, then we forget and more any more we do not know.
Memory, is ability to keep and reproduce in consciousness former impressions, experience. Such definition is given in the dictionary of Russian of Ojegov. Memory represents infinitely difficult mechanism of functions of a brain, a neutron which activity allows to filter, keep and destroy memoirs. Almost according to Socrat. On duration fixing and saving of information memory is subdivided on direct, short-term, sliding and long-term.
Direct (touch) memory – is memory automatic in which one impression is instantly replaced by the following. As an example of such process printing at the computer can serve: as soon as the letter is printed, the person right there forgets it to pass to the following.
Short-term or working (operative) – memory works without any conscious installation. Ability to capture a look seven subjects to keep in memory to seven elements, within at most 30 seconds, we will tell at a phone number set etc.
Sliding memory – shortest of all types of memory. It is developed, for example, at air traffic controlers who concentrate attention on a moving point of the screen for several minutes, and after plane landing right there forget about it.
Long-term memory – provides preservation of knowledge, skills for days, months and even years therefore its work is defined by more difficult mechanisms of a data recording operating at different levels sensual, emotional and intellectual. It is considered that the volume of long-term memory practically isn’t limited.
Depending on perceptions of signals with a human body allocate visual, acoustical, tactile (feelings from touches), impellent (or motor), flavoring, figurative, emotional, eydetichesky, olfactory and other types of memory.
Let’s give examples.
The well-known actress of the Moscow Art Theatre Olga Knipper-Chekhova before a part in the performance "The Cherry Orchard" always used the same spirits which caused in it the certain associations used as olfactory helps.
Pablo Picasso trained memory under the conditional name past signs. It had a special room where different knickknacks were stored. Taking them in hands and straining memory of them it as though plunged into the pleasant atmosphere of memoirs.
At good experts professional memory is usually developed. Doctors-therapists remember many patients in a face, stomatologists recognize them only after they open a mouth. Unique olfactory and flavoring memory tasters, impellent – athletes, visual – artists and militiamen, acoustical – composers and musicians possess. The interesting case from the biography of the composer and the pianist S. O. Rakhmaninov is known. Once to S. Taneev dozhzhen there was to arrive A.K.Glazunov to put on the play the just written. Liking to play a trick Taneev hid in other room of the student of conservatory Rakhmaninov. After a while, after Glazunov stopped to play, Taneev called young Rakhmaninov. The young man sat down at a grand piano, to Glazunov’s greatest surprise, repeated completely his work.
However, I.Q. doesn’t depend on memory. Made experiments show, as narrow and clever people can possess both good, and bad memory. Let’s tell, ingenious Charlie Chaplin couldn’t remember even a surname of the secretary with which worked seven years.
At the same time Julius Caesar and Alexander the Great knew by sight and by name all the soldiers – to 30 thousand people. The same abilities possessed both the Persian tsar Cyrus and Russian colonel A.V.Suvorov. Each of 20 thousand inhabitants of Athens knew well-known Femistokl and Socrat. And Seneca was capable to repeat two thousand the words not connected among themselves heard by it once. Byron knew all the compositions by heart. Great Russian chess player Alekhin played on memory "blindly" from 30-40 by partners. The Ukrainian historian Mikhail Braychevsky easily found the necessary page among ten thousand books of the library. He wrote scientific works without a uniform draft copy and all quotes provided on memory. The lawyer from Yerevan S. Garibyan already at 20-year age from two thousand words called to it reproduced on memory 1970. in June, 1990 it got to the Guinness Book of Records as the person who unmistakably reproduced one thousand the words dictated to it which have been any way chosen from ten European and east languages.
There is a lot of similar examples, but for reasons of a place are compelled to limit their list and to provide a place to phenomena of other sort.
Quite often surprising memory arises as kompensatorny function at people losing any ability: to speak, hear or see. Sculptor Lina On continued to create sculptures, even having gone blind. The become deaf Beethoven wrote music, and Russian actor Ostushev, having lost hearing remained on a scene. And here cases even more surprising.
The child who in the file of the British society of psychological researches was given Rosemarie’s pseudonym, possessed ability in a condition of a trance to speak on a strange ancient dialect. Scientific Egyptologist Halm to whom sent the written-down phrases of the girl reported that phrases of the girl contain many archaisms, ancient terms and turns, characteristic for Egyptians of a pre-Christian era. At Rosemarie’s its presence for an hour and a half wrote 66 correct phrases hieroglyphs. By the end of the researches Halm was convinced that really heard a voice of the remote past.
In 1930 the New York doctor of M of Maksluffi found out that his kids twins communicate on any unknown adverb. At the beginning he thought that it is their own thought-up language while the professor, the expert in the classic languages, the house which has visited them as the guest, didn’t declare that they speak in Aramaic language of times of Jesus Christ. To explain the nature of these and other phenomena, to bring which limit a framework of the present publication, still it was possible to nobody. But it was possible to give the chance to the person to master any language during very short time. Since the end of the 50th years of last century of CIA and KGB trained the agents a foreign language by a technique 25 a shot when information gets to subconsciousness, passing consciousness that increases ability to remember in hundreds times.
The group of researchers led by the professor of the Tokyo university Yasudzi Miyasita managed to prove that all mechanism of memory is concentrated in temporal shares of gray substance of a brain. They confirmed that each person intuitively feels, forgets nothing. Everything ever seen and endured, is stored in the annals of memory and can be caused, so to speak on a surface. It occurs, in particular, to drowned men whom it was possible to return to life. Many of them tell that before the consciousness grew dim, before their internal look for only a few seconds there passes all life to the smallest details. Scientists explain it to that in search of rescue the brain "scrolls" all life, finding in it similar situations, which would prompt how to get rid of danger of death.
At that time more often a brain, absorbing information, also resists to its surplus and turns on protective mechanisms for replacement of superfluous data. Freud considered that there are no casually forgotten events. If, say, the person doesn’t remember the report which should read soon, it isn’t casual: or it wouldn’t like to address to this audience, or the subject not to liking but admits it it can’t or doesn’t want even to itself. On a share of human reason the strange destiny in one of areas of its knowledge dropped out: it is besieged by questions which it can’t get off as they are set to it actually by its nature, but at the same time it can’t will answer them as they surpass its forces. I.Kant.
Scientists still struggle with riddles of functioning of human memory. There are many theories. It is clear one – the human brain is the most perfect mechanism on processing and information analysis, as receiving it from world around. So such human memory? German writer Jean Paul gave one of answers: Memory – is the unique paradise, from which not exiles.
The mnemonic (storing art) – set of the examples, having for an object to facilitate storing of probably bigger number of data, the facts; it is based mainly on association laws.
Instead of an epilogue
Many people understand that for maintenance of physical health it is necessary to carry out physical exercises regularly, but the few do it.
Even less people understand that for maintenance of intellectual potential tiresomely to do gymnastics mind, and and is regular, but are engaged in it only strong in will.
And rare people think of that for memory maintenance in a good form and for its development it is necessary to train memory regularly but units are engaged in it only.
Demal.
(On materials of popular scientific editions).