In a material experiment of application of resource-saving technologies on the basis of the credit union "Gromada" that in the Kherson area is shown. For the best understanding comparative tables with data on the minimum and traditional processing are provided.
We continue a subject
We continue a subject
(Continuation. The beginning in No. 44, 46, 47, 48 – 2007 of of No. 3)
Experience of practical application of resource-saving technologies on base
farms of the credit union "Gromada", Kherson area
Activity beginning
The Kherson regional credit union "Gromada", began the work on crediting of rural population in 2001. During registration of the credits and drawing up of business plans his experts understood that peasants don’t have enough elementary knowledge. For this purpose created consultative service, and over time and marketing cooperative. Later the management of "Bulk" creates a base economy which processed in the beginning 700 hectares of the earth, then – 1500 hectares, today – 3000 hectares.
To think of change of system of agriculture the management of "Bulk" forced life. It is known that the South of Ukraine, and the Kherson area especially, suffers from common fault of moisture. Besides these lands are subject to an erosion (a slope of fields from 2,8 ° to 10 °), an insignificant precipitation washes away fertilizers and the opened friable layer of the soil.
Counting up expenses, found out that at full compliance with technologies of cultivation of some cultures on bogare production will appear unprofitable. Search of new technologies of agriculture which would give the chance to conduct an economy profitably was necessary.
After studying of the corresponding literature, communication with experts of other farms heads of "Bulk" understood that many in the country started to depart for a long time from traditional system of agriculture that is time and it to pass to resource-saving to technologies. Certainly, at the beginning these technologies don’t provide productivity increase, but they reduce expenses, and consequently also prime cost of grown-up production.
First experience of minimization of processing and calculation of its profitability
In the first year of managing in rent took a sex in the area of 420 hectares which wasn’t processed five years. During this time weeds prepared here for themselves favorable for reproduction and development Wednesday. So, fight against weeds became the first task. Since autumn the earth wasn’t processed, in the spring to plow or diskovat – only to harm to productivity therefore decided to sow on zero processing by special seeders.
The field was processed previously by Raundap herbicide at the rate of 4 l/hectares. Sowed a sunflower hybrid "Titanic" with norm of 55 000 plants on hectare. In two weeks when there were shoots, problems with wreckers (a scoop, sandy midlyak and other) began. The exit was one – to carry out chemical processing, and after a precipitation – cultivation by the converted cultivator.
In October collected on 6 c/hectares of sunflower and realized it at the price of 980 úÓ¡./t, the income with 1 hectare made 588grn. Expenses are given in Table 1.
Tablica.1
Calculation of expenses for sunflower cultivation on area hectare
at the minimum system of processing of the soil in 2006
Expenses on 1 hectare at sunflower cultivation on the minimum processing made 510,88 UAH., a rent for the earth – 54 UAH/hectares. Thus total amount of expenses made 564,88 UAH/hectares., gross revenue of 588 UAH. (0,6 tone/hectare. x 980 UAH/t), the profit made 23,12 UAH. from hectare. Certainly the profit isn’t great, but considering that crops were carried out in the field on which 4 years the sow-thistle was grown up only, an ambrosia, a birch, and other "not palatable" plants – the result appeared quite good.
Expenses which land owners at traditional technology of processing of the soil at cultivation incurred sunflower it is provided in Table 2
Table 2
Calculation of expenses for sunflower cultivation on area hectare at traditional system of processing of the soil in 2006
So, the top yield in 2006 on bogare made 10,4 c/hectares. Application of fertilizers: 80 kg/hectares. nitroamofosa (and it is additional expenses) cost 108 UAH. In total expenses made 826,12 UAH.; a gross revenue – 1019,20; a rent – 54 UAH/hectares. The profit made 31,08 úÓ¡./hectare. It is necessary to note also that the earth wasn’t withdrawn from processing and constantly fertilized.
Analyzing a consumption of fuel, we receive the following result: at the minimum processing the expense makes 15,4 l/hectares. (Table 2), and at traditional technology – 65,6 l/hectares (Table 2). Economy of diesel fuel from one hectare – 50,2 l/hectares. At continuous rise in prices for combustive-lubricating materials reduction of this item of expenditure will be economically expedient. The minimum and zero processing of the soil gives the chance to achieve it.
In habitat the plowed land catastrophically destroys, both macro, and microfauna. In a bigger measure activity of organisms in the soil is broken. In environment the circulation of nutrients is carried out by means of animals on a pasture, earth worms, pincers, etc. Thus fossils remain before development of new plants, for creation of a protective layer of the soil. A vegetative layer which obrazovyvaetsya by means of new vegetation helps acceleration of process of disintegration of fossils, nutrients which are used by new crops are released.
Upon transition to the minimum processing after long-term application of a plowed land this difficult system of interaction can’t quickly be restored. The broken structure of the soil and its organic connections lost during a plowed land also quickly won’t be restored. Proceeding from it, it is necessary to plan well transition process, namely: the culture area in a crop rotation, security with equipment, another. It is necessary to be based on processing from which it is possible to pass on zero without loss.
On bogarny lands where zero processing of the soil is used, intensity of use of water resources is regulated by physical resources (soil type, a rain, climate, etc.). Irrational use of water resources leads to decrease in productivity. Application of the minimum processing allows crops to consume more intensively soil moisture as less losses of water result from direct and collateral action of soil processing (evaporation, running off).
Role of crop rotations. Advantages and shortcomings of the minimum processing
The crop rotation – is one of the most ancient and one of the most effective forms of control of weeds and wreckers who provides increase in crops and decrease in production costs at decrease in risks. Introduction of crop rotations helps with fight against weeds and pathogenic organisms. It is most important to include in a crop rotation three-four types of crops thus.
The system of the minimum processing of the soil allows to enter such crop rotations which can’t be applied at the traditional. Selection of a crop rotation is carried out experimentally, by the analysis of the different options, helping to pick up what corresponds to soil type, a climatic condition, profitability and still to a number of factors which are inherent in this economy and a field.
Advantages and shortcomings of application of system of the minimum processing of the soil by experience of experts of KS "Bulk"
(On materials of a grant of the Canadian-Ukrainian grain project – II Methods of minimization of agrarian risks and increase of efficiency of a zernoproizvodstvo).