It is a question in this article about sheep breeding reorientation with sherstny on the meat direction. Scientists in detail prove on how many the last more profitable.
The perspective direction in sheep breeding
In our country, for the XX century, sheep breeding developed as tonkorunny. Tonkorunnykh sheep crossed with polutonkorunny and received crossbred wool which, in turn, was subdivided on thin, average and rough krossbred.
The maximum livestock of sheep and goats in Ukraine was in 1987 – 9 380 million thousands heads. By 1990, in Ukraine 8,5 million heads of sheep were, and for January 1, 2003 this indicator decreased to 1,89 million (table 1) that more than twice in comparison with pre-war time.
Sheep breeding appeared the least protected branch and as a result last market reforms in a number of country areas in general stopped the existence. According to foreign and domestic authors, on restoration of a livestock of sheep for 20-30 % not less than 10 years, and for 30 % – till 40-50 years are required.
1. Dynamics of a livestock of sheep and goats in Ukraine since 1941, one million heads (all categories of farms)
2. Dynamics of a livestock of sheep and goats in AR Crimea, one thousand heads (in agricultural enterprises)
In the Crimea since 1975 with 1 68,2 million thousands heads the livestock decreased to 42814 heads in 2005 (table 2).
The priority of sheep breeders now – to keep a livestock which remained in zones of traditional cultivation. In the Crimea the pilot farm Gosplemzavod "Black Sea" is such. In this economy, in recent years, despite objective difficulties, the positive tendency to increase in a livestock of sheep, in particular a selection and breeding kernel remains: ewes – to 700 heads with an exit of lambs to 100 ewes of 149 % that for 20 % above an average on herd.
The last five years a lot of work on improvement of meat qualities of tsigaysky breed was carried out: the exit of lambs raised, their daily average gain reaches 250 g that allows at intensive fatten to receive to 40-45 kg of live weight in 6-7 months. One more factor which is positively influencing meat qualities – live weight: rams of separate lines reach 110-120 kg, and a uterus – till 60-65.
With development of the chemical industry for the last some tens years artificial fabrics gradually forced out wool which essentially went down in price recently. In Hungary, for example, purchase of 1 kg of wool costs only 1 conventional unit.
Before scientists and practicians there was a question of reorientation of branch on primary receiving meat production. It is possible for reaching using breeds of sheep which are characterized by high level of precocity and fertility. The romanovsky sheep which exit of lambs fluctuates from 250 to 300 lambs on 100 ewes appeared such breed, however it differs low indicators of quality of wool.
Practice of many countries testifies that primary production of mutton provides economic efficiency and profitability of sheep breeding in comparison with production of wool.
In our country, for the first time, on the basis of farms of the Dnepropetrovsk area researches on creation of meat breed of sheep in the nineties the XX centuries began. For this purpose began to use foreign meat breeds of sheep which were created on the basis of combinations of romanovsky sheep and local breeds: in Finland, England, Canada and some other the countries new breeds of sheep of the meat direction of efficiency were created: Olibs, Teksel, Sharol and others.
To Ukraine the first animals of these breeds were delivered. In their cultivation, for example, the breeding loud-speaker of JSC Sharolezskaya ovtsa of the Novomoskovsk region of the Dnepropetrovsk area now is engaged.
Lambs of breed of Olibs at the birth are characterized by average live mass of 4,32 kg, at 20-day age – 11-12 kg (at most – to 16 kg) their daily average gain during this period – 550 grams, at 60-day age (at an otbivka) reaches – 25 kg, in 120 days – 39 kg and in 6 – 7 months - 50 kg.
Sheep of meat breeds belong to poliestrichnymzhivotny, otherwise, ewes are capable to come to hunting all the year round. Thanks to such feature, in 6-7 months the yarka can be inseminated, and duration of the podsosny period is expedient within 1,5-2 months. After depriving, in 10 days of rest, the ewe again goes on insemination.
Delivery of animals from other countries is often accompanied by a number of objective difficulties: acclimatization, quarantine and some other that often conducts to decrease in resistance of an organism of delivered animals, and it attracts additional expenses. In this regard in Dnepropetrovsk GAU work on removal of domestic meat breed of sheep with use of difficult reproductive crossing of breeds of Olibs, to Sharol and Teksel with animals of the Dnepropetrovsk type of Askaniysky myasosherstny breed is begun. It will give the chance to adapt high level of productive signs of meat indicators in climatic conditions of the South of Ukraine. Cultivation of hybrids in itself with rigid rejection and selection of desirable animals will be the final stage. This stage of work dictates need of development of the instruction on a bonitirovka of meat sheep which in Ukraine while isn’t present and in which the share of indicators of meat efficiency will occupy 88-90 %, and the others – indicators of quality of wool.
At the present stage of development of branch commodity sheep breeding is necessary for focusing mainly in the meat and myasosherstny directions of made production without deterioration of quality indicators of wool. It is important, that sheep-breeding farms laid down for themselves this aim, and the staff of research establishments will give necessary methodical support in this work.
P. Ostapchuk, head of laboratory of animal husbandry, candidate of agricultural sciences, S. Yemelyans, research associate, APP UAAN Crimean institute.