In the publication scientist Evgeny Slutsky makes the offers which can promote improvement of system of cultivation of culture of the XXI century – a winter rape in the Crimea.
Our CRIMEAN WINTER RAPE
The candidate of agricultural sciences Evgeny Slutsky, our constant author, always stood up for expansion of cultivated areas under a rape in the Crimea to 35-40 thousand hectares and more. However now, that fact that on the crop’s eve of 2007 more than 35 thousand hectares of euphoria at the scientist are sowed by a rape didn’t cause. Development of such areas as he considers, should be stage-by-stage – the corresponding preparation of heads and experts, creation of due material base is necessary.
He considers that long ago ripened need for creation of the scientific and methodical center (NMTs) for production maslosemyan a winter rape where the expert from any region of the Crimea could address and receive here necessary consultation.
In our country, in particular, in the Crimea, on the food purposes in old times sowed a summer rape (kolzu). And rape oil from it in days of war and in the first post-war years helped to survive to tens of thousands of people.
Long time the major factor constraining expansion of cultivated areas under a rape, considered existence in its oil unhealthy the person of erukovy acid, and in an oil cake and shrote – a significant amount glyukozinolatov, negatively influencing a functional condition of a thyroid gland and a liver of animals.
In this regard in the world work on removal of bezerukovy nizkoglyukozinolatny grades of a winter and summer rape (a grade of "OO" of type) was actively conducted. Removal of such grades turned a rape into qualitatively new culture, made the real revolution in plant growing.
At us in the Crimea the chair of plant growing of the Crimean agricultural institute started to carry out researches on development of intensive technology of cultivation of a winter rape since 1982. She saw off them in a foothill zone (a skilled field of the Crimean SHI) and in steppe to the Crimea (Krasnogvardeysky area). In the steppe, by the way, researches were conducted both in not irrigated, and in irrigated conditions. As a result of statement long-term field one – two and three-factorial experiences we developed intensive technology of cultivation of a winter rape on maslosemena and a green forage. This technology allows to receive on the average 25-30 centners maslosemyan from hectare.
In the late eighties the past eyelid in the country started to create research-and-production systems cultivation of grain, commercial and other crops. The main objective from what were put before them – most to reduce a way of realization of scientific development to production. Thus the scientist, the author of advanced technology, actively participated in a manufacturing lead time and, naturally, influenced increase of efficiency of the development as designer’s service. For this purpose in research-and-production systems the self-supporting divisions providing daily work of system were created.
The provision on research-and-production systems provided the corresponding compensation by results of system work. It is interesting to note that such material stimulation concerned not only high school employees (combining jobs), but also scientific scientific research institutes which acquired the right to work part-time in research-and-production systems.
The order of the Crimean regional agricultural industry in our republic created research-and-production system "Krymraps". According to the provision on research-and-production systems, the research institution or higher education institution (establishment where the appropriate technology, or its educational pilot farm was developed) can be head enterprise.
The educational pilot farm "Communard" of the Crimean agricultural institute became head enterprise of research-and-production system "Krymraps". By the way, it was the unique system created on the basis of scientific development of the Crimean agricultural institute. At the beginning 13 farms entered into it from May Day, Krasnogvardeysky and Saksky areas. On their fields took place more than a half of all crops of a winter rape. And the self-supporting division of NPS "Krymraps" was engaged in training of machine operators and experts of farms of intensive technology of cultivation of a winter rape. Author’s scientific development actively took root into a manufacturing lead time at all stages of its vegetation (from crops before cleaning). NPS "Krymraps" provided farms with seeds of a winter rape of the zoned grades of the highest reproductions, helped with crop realization, conducted research work on improvement of technology of cultivation of this culture. Annually productivity of a winter rape in system farms on 8-10 c/hectares was higher, than in what didn’t enter into it. NPS "Krymraps" won All-Union competition of producers maslosemyan a winter rape twice and received prizes – cars twice.
We, employees of this system stood up for expansion of crops of this culture in the Crimea till 15-20, and then and till 25-30, and further to 50-55 thousand hectares. Assumed that in parallel with stage-by-stage growth of cultivated areas construction of powerful plant on processing maslosemyan a rape as it is made in all civilized countries where this culture already took a worthy place in structure of crops will be conducted.
Now in Ukraine and, in particular in the Crimea, started to install the enterprises for processing of rape oil in a biodiesel engine. In the West it becomes from 70th years of the past century. We lagged behind at least for two-three decades. And we, it appears, don’t need to invent a bicycle – to build the elementary installations, and making use of the last novelties and experience of the western countries, to construct modern plant in capacity not less than 80-100 tons of olive raw materials per day.
For continuous work of such plant it is necessary to stabilize annual production, within 25 thousand tons maslosemyan, and taking into account a reserve – to 30 thousand tons. Then only also it is possible to have subject conversation on food rape oil and a biodiesel engine.
As to sharp expansion of crops of a winter rape in the Crimea – on the crop’s eve of 2006 more than 16 thousand hectares were sowed by it, and on the crop’s eve of 2007 – more than 35 thousand hectares – at me personally special euphoria about it isn’t present. To think only, annually occupied with it 3-4 thousand hectares and suddenly – such jump! We, scientists and the experts, many years technologies of cultivation of this culture engaged in improvement, consider what to expand area under it follows step by step, during, three-four years. Our thoughts are confirmed also by practice of the last two years. Race behind the big areas in 2006 led to that because of violation of optimum terms of sowing and some receptions of technology to cleaning slightly more than 13 thousand hectares of crops remained, and productivity hardly exceeded 11 c/hectares.
On the crop’s eve of 2007 more than 35 thousand hectares were sowed. From them – more than 10 thousand hectares poseyano outside of optimum and even admissible terms of crops (that is after September 15). It is good still that there was a warm winter and crops were lost on only 3 thousand hectares. Here also there is a question, instead of whether there was such here an increase without due preparation of cultivated areas a little adventurous.
Before getting down to business, it is necessary to be prepared, organize well practical training of heads and experts, machine operators to basic elements of technology of cultivation of a winter rape and their practical application.
It is necessary to create also strong material resources not only for rape cultivation, but also its cleaning and high-quality completion maslosemyan on a current.
It is necessary to sow seeds of only the highest reproductions of the checked grades. That there were no incidents which it was necessary to face. Here to you example. In a sowing campaign in one of the districts of the Crimea sold seeds. In the consignment note it was written "rape" and only. Farms got. And now experts of some farms complained that plants by autumn formed buds, that is passed a steblevaniye phase.
- Why? – ask.
What to them to answer? I will remind that only one winter rape not the two-handle, it has only winter forms. Well and further … think, what sowed?!
As the winter rape was included already actually into the category of priority cultures for the Crimea, the Ministry of an agrarian policy of the Crimea should think over how to provide preferential crediting of producers, to get necessary material resources, equipment, fertilizers, means of protection of plants, etc.
For coordination of all works in the Crimea it is necessary to have constantly operating working body – the scientific and methodical center (NMTs) for production maslosemyan a winter rape. It can be identical to earlier existing research-and-production system, but with wider functions.
The main objective of that before system receiving a big crop maslosemyan a winter rape only the farms entering into it was acting. Ensuring scientific support practically all crops of a winter rape in the Crimea and first of all in farms of those areas, where productivity maslosemyan the lowest (less than 10 c/hectares) will be a problem of NMTs offered by us. Work of the center should be constructed so that the expert of any economy of the Crimea always could receive necessary consultation on any questions of technology of cultivation of a winter rape.
NMTs should be created at scientific institution, it is best of all on the basis of the Southern branch "Krymsky agrotekhnologichesky universitet NAU" as here when it was still agricultural institute, the intensive technology of cultivation of a winter rape was developed. And now the agrouniversity through the scientific and methodical center can head work on scientific support of cultivation of a winter rape on the big areas.
Tasks of the scientific and methodical center can be reduced to the following:
Providing the increasing areas of a winter rape with a qualitative sowing material. For this purpose in structure of agrouniversity it is necessary to organize its industrial seed farming;
– carrying out necessarily scientific researches;
– continuous consultations of experts of farms of all forms of ownership at all stages of cultivation and cleaning of a winter rape;
– systematically to carry out the analysis of technology applied in farms for the purpose of an exception of technological mistakes;
– necessarily to provide practical training of heads and experts of advanced technology of cultivation of a winter rape;
– ensuring the centralized realization made maslosemyan at the most favorable prices.;
– considering increasing value of a winter rape in economy of the Crimea, a considerable increase of its cultivated areas to conduct lecture work on PKF with heads and specialists of agrarian and industrial complex.
Work of the scientific and methodical center can create preconditions for expansion of cultivated areas of a winter rape in the Crimea to 50-55 thousand hectares and more, to reach productivity it maslosemyan in one and a half-two time surpassing the present.
E. SLUCKIJ, candidate of agricultural sciences, assistant professor.