Article is devoted to an energy saving question in agricultural production. Data on use of alternative energy resources are provided in it, first of all hydrogen power, vetroenergetiki and gelioenergetiki.
The special attention is given to creation of renewable fuel for diesel engines biodiesel engines.
Practical interest causes receiving biogas from raznotravya and from processing and recycling of animal husbandry, poultry farming, plant growing, the food, spirit industry, household drains and a precipitation.
(Termination. The beginning in No. 7)
Measures for energy saving in animal husbandry
(Termination. The beginning in No. 7)
Measures for energy saving in animal husbandry
The main direction of energy saving in dairy animal husbandry is optimization of requirement for means by criterion of power efficiency taking into account the size of a farm, systems and ways of the contents, the accepted technology of feeding.
The most perspective direction of decrease in power consumption of production of cattle-breeding production is introduction of highly productive breeds of animals, improvement from genetic potential.
By researches it is finished that the least power-intensive and balanced on nutrients are: grain crops (winter grain – wheat, a rye, barley; the summer – oats, peas); long-term and annual herbs; hay of long-term herbs; corn on green material and a silo.
The economically justifiable and energy saving will put on storage the forages crushed to the necessary sizes, instead of their crushing before stacking. The most energy saving for dredging senazha and a silo from trenches is use of universal cars (PE-0,8B; PU-0,5; NGS-1,0 "Karpatets-1000C"; PG-1A "Karpatets"; PGB-1,0 "Karpatets-1020M"; NGP-0,5; NN-0,25; PS-0,5/0,8B).
For crushing of grain it is expedient to use crusher DM-44OU which has high efficiency both rather small power – and a material capacity, and also a new crusher of DM – F – 4-3 in which power consumption of process of crushing, in comparison with DKM-5, is less almost in 1,5 times and productivity it is raised on the average for 25 %.
Adjustment of production of compound feeds directly in the agroenterprises will allow to reduce about 40 % of energy resources on autotransportations to a formula-feed plant.
Agregatirovaniye of cattlefeeders KTU-10A with the YuMZ-6AKM tractors for 25 % has a smaller consumption of diesel fuel in comparison with the MTZ-80 tractor. Use of new cattlefeeder KPT-10 with the T-40AM tractor allows to lower a consumption of diesel fuel on 34 % in comparison with the MTZ-80 tractor.
In farms and on family farms it is expedient to use small-sized cattlefeeders RMM-5, KPT-5, RKP-4,5 with the tractors HTZ-2511 and T-40AM that will allow to lower a consumption of diesel fuel on 44,2-47,9 % in comparison with the YuMZ-6AKM tractors.
The perspective technological scheme of feeding of cattle is simultaneous distribution of all forages as a part of balanced kormosmesi that will allow to save energy resources.
For a fence, cooling and short-term storage of milk on dairy farms apply tanks – coolers in the unit with refrigerating both heatrefrigerators and installations. Tank use – a MKA 2000L-2A milk cooler for cooling and storage of milk of a daily allowance nadoya, with simultaneous receiving warm water for technological requirements, allows to save on water warming up to 2,5 t of conditional fuel for a year. Also use of tanks coolers and tanks thermoses for milk storage with an intermediate hladonositel (water) is the simplest and energy saving way of cooling of milk.
For manure cleaning the smallest power consumption is reached at use of new navozouborochny conveyors KSG-1 and KSG-2. On small farms it is necessary to apply the conveyor scraper KSG-3 in which power consumption of process – 1,04 kWh…
One of ways of decrease in power consumption of milk is increase of efficiency of use of tractors and trailers at transportation of manure, forages, laying, and also use of tractor trains and increase in loading capacity of trailers. It will allow to lower a consumption of oil products – for 16.22 % and work expenses – for 25-30 %.
With a view of economy of oil products on transport works, along with high-efficiency equipment, use of draft cattle is expedient that in 2-2,5 times is cheaper in comparison with tractors and cars. Use of horses on transport works is especially effective during an impassability of roads.
In animal husbandry in economy of energy resources measures for energy saving in electric drives of agricultural cars have an important role. In industrialized countries from 30 to 60 % of electric drives are issued regulated, in Ukraine – to 2 %. Use of such electric drives allows to reduce power consumption: a pomp – for 25-30 %, compressors – for 40 %, fans – for 30 %, centrifuges – for 50 %. If average loading of the electric motor doesn’t exceed 45 %, it is expedient to replace it with less powerful.
Due to the rise in prices for energy resources special interest is caused by nontraditional sources of energy (vetro-and solar power plants, biogas, etc.). Application of solar power plants for providing with hot water of sanitary-and-hygienic requirements of a dairy and commodity farm (about 500 cows) during the season (4,5 months) allows to save about 15 thousand kWh, or in terms of conditional fuel – 5,6 t.u.t. Application of solar power plants cuts expenses of the electric power on operations of heating of water on 33 % for a year.
The economy of energy resources in animal husbandry can be reached at: introduction of energy saving technologies, application of nonconventional renewing power sources, increase of efficiency of animals, a material interest in energy saving, professional development of workers, change of the relation to work, improvement of organizational aspects.
Figures and facts
* In 140 years (from 1850 to 1987) the population of Earth grew in 4 times, and its energy potential increased in 1000 of times.
* Needs of mankind for energy only for 2,6 % are satisfied at the expense of renewable power sources (mainly hydroelectric power stations). Other 97 % make non-renewable power sources: oil – 44 %, gas – 26 %, coal – 25 %, nuclear power – 2,4 %.
* Counting on one inhabitant of Earth from its subsoil 50 t of crude substance annually are taken and moves, and only 2 t from them turn into the final product.
* One inhabitant industrially developed countries consumes today as much resources, how many 20 people from the developing world. And energy consumption by one American is equivalent to its consumption by 14 Chinese, 36 Indians, 280 Nepalese and 531 inhabitants of Ethiopia.
On materials of periodicals prepared N KOLOTIJ, the leading expert of KGA UKTs.