In article there is a speech about resowing of winter crops by the summer. The biological characteristic of such summer cultures, as oats, spring wheat, summer tritikale is provided. Recommendations about preseeding preparation of the soil and about crops of summer grain crops are made. Recommended grades of summer cultures for a steppe zone of Ukraine are also listed.
After severe winter frosts the question of resowing winter the summer is very actual.
Early summer grain in our zone: summer barley, oats. It is recommended to sow also summer wheat and tritikale.
Summer barley in the Crimea is sowed, generally as insurance culture for crops and resowing of winter barley, and in separate years – and the winter wheat, injured adverse conditions of the winter period.
Crops winter now should be under continuous control. After all their survival rate depends not so much on the lowered temperatures during the winter, how many from sharp fluctuations of temperatures during the early-spring period.
Izrezhennye (winter wheat less than 200 pieces/sq.m, winter barley – less than 150 pieces/sq.m) podsevayutsya summer barley norm of seeding of 2-2,5 million vskhozhy seeds on hectare. Having sat down it is conducted across ryadok on small speed of movement of the sowing unit, at depth of seal of seeds 5-6 see.
The most izrezhenny crops winter peresevayutsya. Cultivation on depth of seal of seeds, and then without a gap in time, crops with the subsequent prikatyvaniye annulate shporovymi skating rinks is thus carried out.
Summer barley has the right and to independent existence. This early and holodostoyky culture is perfectly entered in sevoobroty, following for sternevy go sunflower on a waterless valley and propashny (a soya, corn, a sorghum etc.) on an irrigation, being, in turn, integumentary culture for long-term herbs.
In APP Crimean institute experiences productivity of summer barley in a desyatipolny crop rotation on a waterless valley for rotation made 39,4 c/hectares, it conceded on productivity to winter barley which in the same crop rotation gave on 42,2 c/hectares very little. In the conditions of an irrigation productivity of summer barley in separate years reached 57,5 c/hectares.
Grain of barley is used mainly on a forage to cattle, but many grades which have been grown up on our peninsula, with large and steklovidny grain, go to processing on pearl-barley and yachnevy grain.
Oats – important fodder culture, irreplaceable at cultivation of horses, young growth of other types of cattle, a bird; and food – grain, oat flour. It is less exacting to predecessors and is less demanded in production, but its crops – an effective way of fight against diseases of other grain crops.
Spring wheat – the unique insurance grain culture sowed in case didn’t sow the planned areas of winter wheat since autumn or if it is necessary having changed the crops which have lost from adverse winter and spring conditions. Spring soft wheat – is bakery products, and summer firm – macaroni.
Summer tritikale – grain culture of the food, technical and fodder direction. Productivity to 60 c/hectares, at high stability to wreckers to diseases and adverse conditions of growth.
Biological features
The early summer develop is accelerated. Seeds sprout at temperature +20, shoots form at 4-50S, maintain short-term frosts to – 4-60S. These are cultures of the increased precocity, economically spend moisture for a unit of production, well respond on level of fertility of the soil, use posteffect of fertilizers both organic, and mineral, brought under previous culture.
The best predecessors – sternevy (winter wheat on pure and busy to pairs), leguminous, propashny. Repeated placement of summer barley and oats is inadmissible. It is possible to sow spring wheat in a row no more than 2 years. Early summer early release a field and are appreciated as predecessors for the subsequent cultures.
Preseeding preparation of the soil and crops. The main reception of spring processing of the soil – preseeding cultivation on depth of seal of seeds. The best cultivators – KPS-4, KPS-4M, KMS-10-01. If the soil is prepared since autumn, that is plowed by a plow with a predpluzhnik and in a hitch with a skating rink or a harrow, svalny and razvalny harrows are divided, it is possible to be limited to a boronovaniye heavy zubovy harrows. However the autumn of last year was very droughty, zyablevy processing not everywhere corresponds to state standard specification therefore not everywhere there will be enough one cultivation. Therefore without a gap in time it is necessary to carry out repeated loosening across a field or on a diagonal in relation to the first cultivation.
The main requirement to preseeding processings – moisture preservation, alignment of a field and destruction of weeds. Quality of processing depends on physical ripeness of the soil, cultivator adjustment. A lot of things means before an exit in the field in due time to define physical ripeness of the soil.
The requirement to its preseeding processing: a deviation from the set depth ±1 cm, cutting of weed vegetation of 100 %, overlapping of adjacent passes of 10-15 cm, no more. Flaws, a glybistost, a reversing on a surface of the damp soil – are inadmissible.
Sowing terms – superearly and early as soon as the soil "will keep up" and will cease to stick to working bodies of agricultural tools.
Norm of seeding of seeds of summer barley – 3,5-4,0 million, wheat – 4,5-5,5 million, oats – 4,5-5,0 million, tritikale – 4,5-5,5 million vskhozhy grains on hectare. Depth of their seal 4-6 see crops by usual grain seeders with an obligatory prikatyvaniye. The postsowing prikatyvaniye improves contact of seeds to the soil, thanks to it sharply raises field vsxozhest and shoots appears for 1-2 days earlier, than on a neprikatanny site. The skating rink reduces an evaporated surface of the soil, prikatanny, it quicker and more strongly gets warm.
Agrotechnical requirements to crops: a deviation of norm of seeding of seeds from established ±5 %, a deviation from the established norm between soshnik no more than 0,3 %. Speed of movement of the sowing unit of 8-10 km/h. High-quality performance of all agrooperations as any poor carried out affects the subsequent and the final account on productivity of grown-up cultures is obligatory.
High-quality structure. Grades of the Odessa selection are worthy. Work practice showed – for our conditions better – early and heat-tolerant: The stalker and Adapt, their potential productivity to 70 c/hectares. It is especially necessary to note a new grade of mid-season summer barley of Vakul. It is the most productive variety of Ukraine – at the reduced norm of seeding (1,5 million vskhozhy seeds on 1 hectare) yield a harvest at level of 50 c/hectares, recommended norm of seeding of 100 kg/hectares. A grade for the high standard of farming, it accepts intensive technologies. Treats brewing barley.
Among the zoned grades of oats only two are recommended for a steppe zone: Racer and Chernigov 27. The last represents a particular interest. It is a national standard of Ukraine. Mid-season. Potential productivity – 56-59 c/hectares. From zoned in Ukraine, it is most less damaged by diseases, is steady against an osypaniye. Feature of this grade that it less others reacts to deterioration of conditions of cultivation.
Grades of spring wheat recommended for the steppe: Kharkov 18 (summer soft) and Kharkov 23 (summer firm) with productivity to 50 c/hectares, the content of protein of 13-14 %, glutens of 32 %.
For production grades summer tritikale the Stork Kharkov and the Lark Kharkov are recommended. Grades mid-season, high-drought-resistant and high-yielding.
To. ZHENCHENKO, N KOBERNIK, research associates of the Crimean institute of agroindustrial production of UAAN.