In article everything connected with expansion in the Crimea of cultivated areas of a winter rape are in details analyzed, problems are established the reasons of low productivity of this culture.
The rape needs protection
In 2007 in our autonomy gave under a winter rape more than 35 thousand hectares, and in 2008 – about 40 thousand hectares. Under a rape it is easy to explain such growth of cultivated areas demand increase on maslosemena both in EU, and in other countries of Europe. From here and sharp increase in the price at a rape that does this culture of most profitable of all field cultures.
The increased demand on maslosemena a rape is caused also by that the considerable part of made rape oil is processed on a biodiesel engine. However, to big a regret, in the Crimea expansion of cultivated areas under a rape is accompanied to decrease in productivity. In 2007 10,6 c/hectares, and in 2008 - more than 12 c/hectares are received. But it after all weight bunker, and after cleaning hardly productivity maslosemyan will be more than 10 c/hectares.
The analysis of this crop maslosemyan allows to allocate the Black Sea area – productivity of 14,2 c/hectares. By the way, here this culture grew up only on bogarny lands. Farmers of Krasnogvardeysky, Krasnoperekopsky, Soviet and Lenin areas achieved good results. Low indicators in Dzhankoysky, Nizhnegorsky, Saksky areas where the crop didn’t hold on and to 10 c/hectares. The lowest productivity maslosemyan a winter rape in farms of the May Day area – 7,6 c/hectares. Obviously below the possibilities farmers of the Simferopol area where in the current year collected slightly more maslosemyan a rape – 11 c/hectares worked.
To the told I can add that weather conditions this year were optimum for rape cultivation for the last decade. So why thus we don’t receive due return from a rape field? I consider that under a rape many farmers weren’t ready to sharp expansion of cultivated areas. In due time we supported increase in the areas under a rape in the Crimea till 35-40, and further – to 50-55 thousand hectares. However such growth should be stage-by-stage – within 3-4 years after the corresponding preparation of heads and experts and the corresponding material base created in farms. Now violation of the basic composed elements of technology is everywhere observed – terms of crops are stretched practically till the end of September, and from here low rewintering, cleaning is tightened till the end of July.
I consider that the main reason for poor harvests – a human factor, and is simpler – rough violations of technology. Therefore now it is necessary to protect a rape not only from wreckers and diseases but also from amateurishness. Now separate mass media quite often broadcast that the increase in the areas under a rape leads to soil exhaustion, so – to decrease in its natural fertility. It is necessary to calm such fighters for fertility of the soil – the winter rape belongs to number of those cultures which promote increase of fertility of the soil. There is a certain regularity – the productivity of a winter rape is higher, the more after it remains the pozhnivny remains, and on the average the quantity of such remains is equivalent to introduction of 15 t of manure on hectare.
The researches of influence of different predecessors carried out by us on productivity of a rape showed that in a foothill zone the best there were busy pairs, and in steppe – pure. Productivity of winter wheat on pure and busy pairs didn’t differ from productivity of a rape, that is a rape as the predecessor of wheat, was identical to steam predecessors.
Sometimes I meet in the press nonprofessional statements about a rape. It supposedly meets as a weed, and a skarmlivaniye his animal conducts to their poisoning as the rape contains harmful substances glycosides and tioglikozidy (so in the text). I want to calm these zealous, the rape in the wild nature isn’t present, and glyukozinolaty can be defined in shrote. But today in crops grades in which glyukozinolatov isn’t present are used.
In some publications authors try to adapt the western technologies in Ukraine and in the Crimea, without understanding that technologies are developed for separate regions and can’t be adapted. Expensive German grades and hybrids didn’t show the advantage before domestic, it is possible just because are cultivated on the "adapted" technology.
In our researches (1980-1990 of g) otechechestvenny grades were used. The technology developed as a result of these researches allowed to receive in a foothill zone of 35-40 c/hectares, in the steppe – 25-30 c/hectares (without an irrigation), and at an irrigation – more than 40 c/hectares. It is asked, why to us expensive import seeds?
It would be desirable, that the commission on a sortoispytaniye told the loaded word concerning division into districts of these or those grades and hybrids of a winter rape.
At the initiative of the Ministry of industrial policy of AR Crimea in the Soviet area works on receiving a biodiesel engine from rape seeds begin. For the Crimea it is very important, as the biodiesel engine can be used not only in agricultural industry, but also as environmentally friendly fuel in resort and prirodookhranyaemy zones. However thus it is necessary to count economy of production of this fuel accurately. After all already now the simplest analysis shows that this fuel will be at least on 2-3 UAH. for liter is more expensive than the traditional. It would be quite good to make scientific examination of this project with involvement of scientists of agrouniversity.
It is necessary to note that similar works were carried out in the West in the 70th years of last century. So we in this plan lag behind at least for 2-3 decades. However it is better later, than never. To reduce such essential gap in time, not less than 100 tons of olive raw materials per day are necessary to start urgently in the Crimea construction of modern plant in capacity: for this purpose at round-the-clock loading of the enterprise 25 thousand tons of olive raw materials, and taking into account a reserve – 30 thousand tons (250 working days) are necessary. Such quantity already makes the Crimea today. To me can object – say we sell abroad at the most favorable prices – that else is necessary? The West buys our rape at such prices, it is favorable to it, and it is necessary that it was favorable to us. In any case, to export oil it is much more favorable, than olive raw materials. And new workplaces will be open at us, instead of in the West. It is very important that in the country there will be a rape oil cake. After all at the expense of use of a rape oil cake and shrota in diets of animals mid-annual nadoi will exceed 10 thousand liters of milk on a cow.
It is necessary to remember that only having such plant, it is possible to have subject conversation on such valuable product, as food oil, and a biodiesel engine in large volumes.
At everything told, primary there is a stable production of enough maslosemyan a rape. Experience of 2008 showed that the weakest link in the production technology maslosemyan – a human factor. After all weather conditions of the current year practically leveled possible misses in technology. Also such poor harvest maslosemyan is thus received. Worked a human factor – the crop was, but clean all couldn’t. Now the immemorial question – is pertinent what to do? . We said for a long time that it is extremely necessary to develop the Rape program at government level. And today at achievement of such volume of production it is simply necessary. In this program it is necessary to distribute accurately functions of each enterprise – whether it be scientific or educational institution, or an economy, the office of the ministry, regional services, other departments. In due time it was developed by us and, necessarily, it is possible to assist in drawing up of such program. We though market, but should have an economy in such questions operated.
It is important, that in this program were provided not only the functions of the enterprises involved in it and the organizations, but also a duty, and also degree of responsibility of heads of these enterprises and the organizations. For a start follows at level of the Deputy Prime Minister on agricultural industry, to create the working group into which the staff of the ministry, surely the scientists prosecuting subjects of production of a rape would enter.
To our big regret, for some reason the agrouniversity absolutely dropped out of work on a rape subject. The higher education institution management, certain scientists still absolutely unreasonably consider that the Crimea not that zone where it is possible to grow up a winter rape. And this with the fact that on chair of plant growing long-term researches on development of technology of cultivation of this culture were carried out. Sites on which were carried out one – two – and three-factorial experiences as in a steppe zone (on bogare and at an irrigation), and on a skilled field of agrouniversity (then agricultural institute (1980-1990) annually scientists and production workers visited. The technology developed by us allowed to receive on bogare in a steppe zone of 25-30 c/hectares (at an irrigation more than 40 c/hectares) in a foothill zone (a skilled field of agricultural institute) – 35-40 c/hectares maslosemyan. From skilled sites of chair of plant growing crops of a rape extended in production. In the late eighties in the country were created research-and-production systems. Their task – on the basis of advanced technology to provide high productivity of a winter rape.
On the basis of our development by the order of regional agricultural industry the research-and-production system "Krymraps" (by the way, the unique system, is created on the basis of scientific development of the Crimean SHI) was created. Author’s development actively took root on all manufacturing lead time at all stages of vegetation. NPS "Krymraps" supplied farms with seeds of domestic grades of the highest reproductions, provided realization of the received crop, conducted research work on improvement of separate elements of technology with reference to specific conditions. Annually productivity of a winter rape in system farms on 8-10 c/hectares was higher, than in what didn’t enter into it.
In the working Rape program it is necessary to provide creation of working body which not only coordinated all work in the Crimea on production of a rape, but also on similarity of research-and-production system rendered scientific and methodical assistance to farms at all stages of vegetation (as at the initiative of an economy, and on own initiative). The scientific and methodical center (NMTs) created on similarity of research-and-production system, but with wider functions that it would be possible to provide the working Rape program can become this body.
Implementation of the Rape program will promote expansion of crops of a winter rape in the Crimea to 50-55 thousand hectares and more, to increase of its productivity to 20-25 c/hectares.
On belief of many scientists and experts, the Crimea – the zone of a possible rapsoseyaniye, is one of few regions of Ukraine where weather climatic conditions most promote rape cultivation. Confirmation to that are both results of our long-term researches, and experience of the advanced farms.
E. SLUCKIJ, candidate of agricultural sciences.