Here it is published materials about norms of pesticidal loading, methods of chemical, physical and biological protection of plants.
Norms and concentration
To lower pesticidal loading, to prevent ostyory and chronic an otravleyoniya of the persons occupied with work with pesticides and agrotekhnichesyoky leaving for obrabotannymi with plants, to lower a poyostupleniye of toxic veyoshchestvo in production reglamentiruyut norms of an expense of preparations. Usually two znayocheniye of recommended norm of an expense are given in an instyoruktsiya on use pesticidov. A big (top) limit use at an obyorabotka well oblistvenyony (with the developed krone) derevev, grapes bushes, etc. In this case neobxodimo to spend it is more and rayobochy liquid, which berut on the top limit. On fruit, grapes and a bolyyoshinstvo of the berry spend 800-1500, on citron and wood – to 2000 l/hectares. Less solution, respectively, is spent for processing of young nasazhdeyoniya with a smaller sheet poyoverkhnost, and the norm undertakes on the bottom limit. At strong development of an illness or strong zarazheyoniya wreckers increase concentration of a preparation in a rayostvor. If in the instruction on pesticide application ukazana one norm of an expense, it use when processing adult vegetiruyushchy bushes of grapes. When processing moyolody bushes or adults at the beginning of vegetation norm snizhayut. If in the instruction privodyatsya only norms of an expense, for definition of a kontsentyoratsiya of working solution for grapes it is necessary to share norm into 1200 liters roughly. For example, at norm of 2,5-3 kg/hectares, the kontsentrayotsiya will be: (2,5-3): 1200 x 100 % = (0,2083-0,25) %. It pribliyozitelno approximate to 0,2-0,25 %.
If primenyaetsya for the first time, it it is desirable to check a preparation on separate pobegax on a fitotsidnost. For etogo each escape spray from a manual spray tremya different concentration (for example, 0,2 %; 0,3 % and 0,4 %). On each of escapes fix a label with the indication of a kontsentrayotsiya. If within 5-6 days after processing on escapes there were no burns, the preparation can be applied and in a kontsentyoratsiya of 0,3 %. And at an umenshenyony consumption of liquid (800 l), concentration can be increased to 0,4 %.
Pesticides and fertilizers
The continuous increase in doses of mineral fertilizers for receiving big crops, azotyosoderzhashchy (especially in a nityoratny form) leads unsystematic introduction to an usiyoleniye of their receipt in plants. Superfluous amounts of nitrates, at a lack of a fosyofor and potassium, not pererabatyvayutsya in aminokisloty also are postponed by plants in listyax, escapes, clusters, roots. As a result decreases not only stability to vreditelyam and to diseases, but also insecticidal and fungitsidny effect. For destruction or pest control, boleznyami it is necessary to apply the increased doses of pesticides. As a result – superfluous nitrates, azotsoderzhashchy organic connections of rasyoteniye, plus to it uvelichenyony doses of pesticides, can form new, vysokoyotoksichny or cancerogenic for the person, house zhivotyony and other warm-blooded, a nitrozosoyedineniye. Therefore the greatest efficiency of pesticides is reached in that case when use the full balanced mineral fertilizer in reyokomendovanny norm or at what the fosyofor and potassium prevail.
Physical method of protection
Using physical factors (light, temperature, ultrasound, pressure, izlucheyony…) fight with vreditelyami and diseases.
For example, the greatest distribution in a vinograyodarstvo was received by a way of a teryomoterapiya from nematodes. Koryoni of saplings place in goyoryachy (+51… +52 0S) water and vyderzhivayut within 5 minutes. After processing saplings land at once on a postoyoyanny place or roots pereslaivayut damp river sand, wood opilkami, shavings, a moss and zakladyvayut on storage.
Biological method
It is one of perspective methods of protection. A wide circulation in lyubitelyyosky wine growing at a seyogodnyashny stage but didn’t find. For example, in fight against a grozdevy listovertka ispolzuyut mikrobiologichesyoky preparations bitoksibacillin, dendrobacillin, lepidocid and others.