In a material the detailed characteristic of grades of an East Asian pear is given, their differences from classical European grades, ways scraps, degree of stability to diseases and wreckers are shown.
In the last two desyatileyotiya in many countries of the world (the USA, France, Italy, Australia, etc.) the increasing popularity get grades of an East Asian pear. This breed call differently: Asian, east, Chinese, Japanese, apple, sayolatny or sandy pear. So, the nayozvaniye "sandy" occurs from kiyotaysky "shali" that in transfer oznachaet "a sand pear". Besides, it at the same time is naimenovayoniy a primary group of the plants cultivated in China, and nazvaniyoy an old grade of a pear.
To grow up a pear sandy in China began approximately for 1100 B.C., and in Japan – in VIIIveke, but its large promyshyolenny plantings began poyavlyatsya only since 1868.
For last centuries the numerous grades which are essentially different from each other in the sizes of fruits, foryomy, by taste, a consistence myakoti, coloring of a thin skin and mnogimi other signs were created.
Both European, and the east Asian pear is a rasyoteniye moderately damp klimata, with warm summer and soft, but in the cold winter. The minimum koyolichestvo of an atmospheric precipitation – not less than 800 mm, should be distributed ravnoyomerno during the whole year.
Asian pear, thanks to the origin, more thermophilic, but less morozoyoustoychivy, rather than the European grades, a plant. For example, it perfectly grows and fructifies in climatic conditions of Hersonyosky area (. New Kakhovka).
Pear sandy (Pyrusserotina) – a listopadny tree in height to 9 m, with thick direct branches which seldom terminate shipami. Root system of plants – rod type, with mnogochislenyony lateral branchings. Wood – friable, white color, firm. Bark of a trunk and branches smooth, brownish-brown color.
Depending on a proiskhozhdeyoniya (the Chinese or Japanese grades), at trees the uzkopiramiyodalny, oval or drooping, playokuchy krone to 3 m in diameter is formed. Pochyoki conic or yaytsevidny formy, naked or trimmed. Leaves large, to 12 cm at length and 7 cm at width, tselyyony, oval, smooth, blesyotyashchy. Moloyodye leaves – slaboopushenny.
Flower of a pear peschayony large, to 3,5 cm in diametre, with we will dress a pestle and a big koyolichestvo a tyyochinok. Appear usually in a vtoyory half of March – the beginning aprelya. Are collected in inflorescences on 4-17 pieces in everyone. Oboyepolye. The nimbus consists of 5 white petals.
Flowering in the first or second dekadax the April, amicable, dlitelnostyu 7-10 days. All plants give enough of zhiznespoyosobny pollen, thanks to what yavlyayutsya good vzaimoopylyaemy grades. Japanese grades of "Chojuro" and "TwentiethCentury", as well as Chinese – "YaLi" and "TsuLi", partially samoplodny, but nevertheless give the best crops at perekresyotny pollination.
Depending on a grade, form of fruits yablokovidny, oval or pear-shaped. Fruits large and very large, to 19 cm in diameter, sredyony mass of 250-450 g, maksimalyyony – 1 kg. Thin skin of fruits bronze-brown, green or zheltoyovato-green, opaque, rough to the touch, thin and strong. Chechevichka are disseminated through all surface.
Unlike classical evyoropeysky grades, at a pear sandy other consistence of pulp of speyoly fruits – crackling and gentle, very juicy and sweet, with spetsiyofichesky aroma and nepovtoriyomy taste, white, with a light-zhelyotym shade.
In fruits of a pear sandy soderzhitsya to 16 % of carbohydrates, neznayochitelny amount of fats, protein, phosphorus and iodine, it otnositsya to hoyoroshy istochyonik vitaminov group B and vitamin C.
Average productivity of plants sostavlyaet 75-85 kg/villages.
Grades grushi the sandy subdivide on autumn and winter. Their fruits nachinayut to ripen since the end of August and can be stored, without change of flavoring qualities, till April-May. Are used in a fresh or pereyorabotanny look (compotes, jams, jam).
Fructification cultural sorta enter for the 2-3rd year after a priyovivka. The most widespread ways of reproduction – a summer okuyolirovka and a winter kopulirovka (proyosty or English improved).
Formirovka of the imparted plants happens two types – standard and dwarfish. The first – is inherent in yaponyosky grades, with the tall, piramidalyyony krone, the second – Chinese, with less tall, sprawling.
The best stock is the pear berezolistny (PyrusbetulifoliaBunge). For an inoculation, it is possible takzhe to use seyanets of a pear of obykyonovenny (Pyruscommunis), a quince (Cydoniaoblonga) and a mountain ash of house (Sorbusdomesticus), however the plants imparted on these stocks, start to fructify only from 4th year.
Regularly to receive a crop, for plants it is necessary ezheyogodny strong a scrap since the obyorazovaniye of fruits occurs, mainly, on short escapes – spurax. Without scraps efficiency of plants lasts from 8 to 10 years.
The pear sandy possesses rather high immuniteyoty to a number of diseases. It – the donor of an usyotoychivost to a bacterial burn (Erwiniaamylovora) – to a scourge of all evropeysyoky grades of a pear. In Japan otmechaetsya defeat of fruits, listev and branches of separate grades cheryony decay (Physalosporapiricola). The best modern grades – "Chojuro", "TwentiethCentury" ("Nijsseki" synonym) ", Shinseiki", "Doitsu" and "Ishiiwase", schitayushhiesya standard – are steady against this disease.
Among wreckers, nanosyayoshchy essential damages to all types of a pear, the meyodyanitsa pear (PsyllapyricolaFoerster) is in the lead. On Asian grades of a meyodyaniyets less willingly otkladyvaet eggs, than on P grades. communis.
When landing in a garden, it is necessary to place plants of a pear from each other not closer than 2,5 m among and to 5 m – in a row-spacing. The soil dolzhna to be slabokislotny (rN 5,5-7,0), deep, fertile, xorosho trained. Plants on heavy and rehumidified pochvax will be oppressed.
Irrigation carry out regulyaryono, as required, in a teyocheniye of all vegetative perioda, avoiding stagnation of water. Stimuliruyut growth of trees by introduction each two weeks in the first half of vegetation, sbayolansirovanny fertilizer (N20-P20-K20).
Concerning acquisition of saplings address in NNTs "NBS", pgt Nikita, Yalta, AR Crimea, 98648. ph. 8 (0654) 33-55-16. E-mail:.
Page. Crests, candidate of agricultural sciences.
(On monthly journal materials "Summer resident").