In article quarantine diseases and the wreckers of potatoes meeting in the territory of the Crimea are listed. Harm which is caused to cultures by these diseases and wreckers is shown. Recommendations about pest control and the diseases, directed on the maximum decrease in number and injuriousness are made.
The causative agent of this dangerous quarantine disease – a mushroom of Synchytrium endobioticum (Schilbersky) of Percival – from cultural plants strikes only potatoes
The causative agent of this dangerous quarantine disease – Synchytriumendobioticum (Schilbersky) Percival mushroom – from cultural plants strikes only potatoes. Under natural conditions extends very slowly, and at drift on fields quickly collects in the soil and in 2-3 years gives high percent of infection.
More often the reason of emergence of the centers are tubers from sick plants or not struck grades, parts of the infected soil having on the surface. Drift of the activator and with other vegetative material which has been grown up on the infected site, with processing tools, and also with manure is possible.
The causative agent of a cancer of potatoes – the endocellular parasite who is not forming a mycelium. Major importance in its cycle of development has winter, or a based zoosporangium by means of which the mushroom keeps viability within 30 and more years and extends in the nature. The most characteristic symptom of a disease – formation of outgrowths on tubers, stolonax, a root neck, is more rare (at strong defeat) on a stalk, leaves and even a flower. Roots never are surprised. On appearance outgrowths remind a cauliflower, on the infected tubers cancer educations develop and in storages.
Potatoes cancer in individual farms is especially harmful: at permanent culture and cultivation of susceptible grades leads to a full yield loss.
In the territory of the Crimea the complex of quarantine actions against a cancer of potatoes, strongly complicating to our region its penetration from the infected areas and the regions of Ukraine is developed and introduced. In particular, restrictions on import of the soil and vegetative production from regions of infection are entered. Timely inspections of vegetiruyushchy plants and the analysis of soil tests on identification of a wintering zoosporangium aren’t less important. The main role is allocated for cultivation of not struck cultures and rakoustoychivy grades of potatoes.
One of dangerous wreckers paslenovy: potatoes, pepper, eggplants, tomatoes, tobacco the potato moth who harms the above-stated cultures practically in all territory of the Crimea is. Especially big harm is put to potatoes by a potato moth. It develops and in the field, and in storages, but generally harms in a storage time. Hit in storage of a small amount of the tubers infected with a moth, can lead to loss of all crop within several weeks.
Harm is put by a caterpillar which damages elevated and underground parts of a plant. It eats away a leaf parenchyma, braids leaves with a web, can take root in chereshok and ruin a leaf completely. Damaging a tuber, the caterpillar does a course under a peel, and then gets in it, thus courses are filled with excrement. Potatoes tubers gradually dry and are mummified. Saprofitny mushrooms settle in courses.
It is very prolific – one female can postpone to 300 eggs at temperature of +8 Pages. In storages the butterfly postpones eggs for tubers at eyes, in deepenings. In the Crimea the potato moth develops in five generations.
Actions for fight against the wrecker should be directed on the maximum decrease in number and injuriousness. For prevention of moving of a potato moth the special attention is necessary for turning on an agrotechnology of cultivation of potatoes. Landing to carry out a healthy seed material, at an earthing up not to leave on a surface open tubers. The tops of vegetable is necessary for destroying, the reaped crop daily to take out, without leaving for the night in the field.
In vegetation it is necessary to spray potatoes landings by the following preparations: Sherp (25 % k.e.) – 0,16 l/hectares, Arrivo (25 % k.e.) – 0,1 l \hectares, Detsis (2,5 % k.e.) – 0,2 l/hectares. Places of storage of potatoes before a laying of a crop are necessary for clearing, whitewashing, garbage to burn.
Among natural parasites of potatoes the golden potato nematode is now allocated. Danger to this culture accrues recently in connection with a wide circulation of a parasite. In the Crimea the golden potato nematode is absent. But there is a risk of delivery from Ukraine from 12 areas where this quarantine organism is widespread. Personal plots and fields first of all suffer from it with the truncated crop rotations where potatoes are grown up stretch or comes back to a former place for second or third. On the average yield losses here make 30 %.Izvestny cases when they made 80-90 %.
In due time to reveal the center of a potato nematode, owners of personal plots, individual kitchen gardens should examine in June-July roots of prematurely turned yellow plants weakened, with the braided leaves. On roots of such plants white, yellow, brown females-tsisty in size about a poppy seed are visible. In case of detection of the center it is necessary to report immediately in quarantine inspection.
To prevent delivery and distribution of a golden potato nematode quarantine service supervises a condition of landings of potatoes and the soil by systematic inspection, regulates import of vegetative production to the Crimea from abroad, and also from areas of Ukraine where infection is revealed. Danger of nematodes increases with an agriculture intensification, expansion of transport communications in Ukraine, an exchange of a seed and landing material, with concentration and specialization of farms. Potatoes arriving on the markets or the procuring organizations of the Crimea, should have the quarantine certificate which is given out by the inspector on quarantine of plants, after the gelmintologichesky analysis. In case of violation of the rules (sale or transfer of tubers, bulbs, the root crops, the implanted plants, export of manure, agricultural machinery with the infected potato nematode of territories) owners are involved in administrative responsibility according to article 105 of the code of Ukraine About administrative offenses.
I.Lashchenko, agriculturist-fitogelmintolog, A.Ivanchenko, agriculturist-entomologist, State inspectorate for quarantine of plants for AR Crimea.