In article ways of genetic improvement of dairy and meat cattle by a way of an assessment of pedigree and productive qualities, crossings of dairy and meat breeds of cattle are opened.
1
Dairy efficiency
In view of small number of cows which are estimated on dairy efficiency, in details to estimate a genotype of these animals which contain in farms, it is impossible. Therefore the assessment method its way of conducting records concerning fertilisation and rasploda, identifications of cows, determination of genetic and economic value of the producer became the first step on a way to increase of genetic potential of herd.
Work on genetic improvement of cows demands the contents them in the separate research centers, and also purposeful selection of own herd which would be based on knowledge of selectors of productive possibilities of cows and bulls of own herd.
To increase efficiency a genetic way it is possible, leaning on
– improvement of methods of an assessment of animals;
– the genetic amendment of breeds of cattle which are used;
– crossing.
Producers who go in for dairy cattle breeding, should begin crossing by mainly golshtino-frizsky breed (f.). Experiences in many countries showed that the genetic potential of dairy efficiency of these cows is higher, than at other breeds. In Europe type of dairy cattle is black-and-white breed, at which 87,5-100 % of blood f., mass of a body of 600-700 kg and efficiency of 6-10 thousands kg of milk a year.
Such crossing needs to be carried out in the best herds where there is a chance to reach high dairy efficiency. From 75 % and breed blood f are higher than bulls. it is possible to consider as a source of genes of high dairy efficiency. To reach this purpose, feeding and conditions of the contents should be at high level.
If in purchase price of milk the content of protein is considered, producers should be interested in methods which would increase its contents in this product.
Cows with the big maintenance of hf give more both milk, and fat. To improve breed it is possible by purposeful selection. However the problem is that the cow represents a certain integrity and change of one its property (line) conducts to change of others. Selection which is led in the direction of increase in amount of milk, leads to increase in production of protein, but conducts to decrease in the maintenance of percent of protein in milk. Selection in the direction of increase of the content of protein conducts to reduction of production of kgs of milk.
Value otkorma our herd should contact needs of consumers of cattle-breeding production and economic conditions when purchasing.
Meat efficiency
Development of branch is promoted by possibility of sale of production and natural potential of the environment. Farms which have surpluses of fodder grounds, should think of possibility of the contents both meat, and dairy animals. However, there where the dairy industry is poorly developed, it is expedient to be engaged in cattle of meat breeds. An additional factor concerning cultivation of meat cattle is low labor input of this direction. An essence of the meat direction – this cultivation of cows only for receiving and cultivation of calfs. Calfs remain with a cow of 6-7 months. Therefore, are excluded monetary and costs of live work of receiving milk. Efficiency in this branch of animal husbandry is defined by quantity and mass of the grown-up calfs.
Considering considerable costs of means of acquisition a telok of purely meat breeds, the herd is expedient for creating by absorbing crossing. Such way allows to recreate as much as possible the chosen meat breed by gradual increase of its genotype. As a rule, one fatherly meat breed is selected and crossing in the following generations proceeds.
Under favorable conditions it is possible to organize intensive otkorm on the basis of a large number of the concentrated forages, the adult uterine herd is crossed to the breeds possessing big weight, and at less intensive feeding – use breeds of bulls of averages on size.
On materials of printing editions.