Article is devoted to new production technologies of tomatoes in open soil. In it it is told about the most progressive technology of cultivation of vegetables which is based on system of a drop irrigation with use of principles of bridge agriculture.
Article is intended for agricultural producers who aspire to increase production of vegetables.
Ukraine always was famous for production of vegetables
Ukraine always was famous for production of vegetables. After Union disintegration Ukraine was forced out from the fruit-and-vegetable market of Russia and gradually turned into importing country. To provide rational norm of vegetables in a food basket of Ukrainians, it is necessary to increase their production in 3-4 times. It is possible only at cardinal change of the production technology, productivity increase, instead of at the expense of expansion of the areas. Such task of a shoulder to only mechanized farm.
Let’s familiarize with technology of cultivation of vegetables in open soil on an example of tomatoes. Let’s use preparations of bridge agriculture. The size of a site depends on possibilities of the owner of a kitchen garden. Instead of ridges it is necessary to cut a strip in width of 90 cm with a track under tractor wheels in width of 50 cm and a step of irrigation system 140 see.
From means of mechanization the MG self-propelled T-16 chassis with a loop of cars on the care of plants is required at least. The technology is based on system of a drop irrigation "Evrodrip". Mechanization of all works, except harvesting is provided.
The site should be equal and well shined. It is necessary to avoid the rehumidified places.
As predecessors of tomatoes bean cultures, cucumbers, onions, cabbage, grain are desirable. It is impossible to place tomatoes after paslenovy (potatoes, pepper, an eggplant) as they have same diseases and wreckers.
Under tomatoes it is necessary to prepare the soil at once after cleaning of the predecessor: one – or a double disking. Then plowing on depth of 30 cm, planning. In the early spring again soil alignment with closing of moisture and a track nakatyvaniye with a step of 140 cm and a working strip in width 90 see further all works are conducted only on this working strip. Before crops or disembarkation of plants by rassadny way it is necessary the soil prokultirovat.
Having adapted Mitlayder’s system for cultivation of vegetables, organic fertilizers thus don’t use, and apply the balanced mineral mixes and great value give to microcells.
Potash and phosphoric fertilizers are better for bringing since autumn under the main processing of the soil in norm R-120, K-180 kg in/hectare. Nitric fertilizers are brought in the spring – N-200 by kg ñ.ó./hectare. It is desirable to bring before preseeding cultivation and in the period vegetation with podkormkami on irrigating tubes.
At cultivation of tomatoes on offered technology it is necessary to give great attention to microcells. Not less than 8 times during the season are better to apply them with extra fodder top dressing of tomatoes. On 100 l of water about 50 g of urea, 100 g of sulphurous potassium, 50 g of an extract of superphosphate, 10 g of margantsovokisly potassium and surely boric acid – 10 g are necessary.
At a choice of grades of tomatoes it is necessary to give preference to the zoned grades, and also determinant grades (it is low – or srednerosly) – as early ripe and high-yielding.
Tomatoes in open soil can be grown up in the rassadny way or to sow on a bed with use of a film mulching covering. The last way allows to receive earlier crop, to keep moisture in a radical layer of earth, doesn’t give possibility to grow to weeds.
Seeds sow in well paved the way on depth 2-3 see. At early crops depth of seal of seeds to the soil needs to be increased to 3-4 see seeding Yorma – from 0,5 to 1 kg by hectare. Term of crops coincides from the beginning of flowering of a cherry. The scheme of crops depends on a way of watering, type of the soil, the characteristic of a grade (hybrid).
In the southern regions of Ukraine has advantages a rassadny way of cultivation of tomatoes. It is economy of seeds, receiving an early crop, achievement of optimum density of plants, harvesting to frosts.
For receiving an early crop of tomatoes land 60 – 65-day sprouts. For other purposes – 25 – 45-day.
Care of plants consists in interrow processings. At the same time with loosening of the soil are carried out top dressing by mineral fertilizers. In an initial stage of vegetation – nitric, in setting and maturing of fruits – potash. Soil and insurance herbicides are applied to fight against weeds.
Today the most progressive technology is cultivation of tomatoes on a drop irrigation. It is economically reasonable and non-polluting way of watering of vegetables in the conditions of open soil.
It is recognized that it is best of all to submit water directly to plant roots. A consumption of water much less (almost in 5 times), energy, mineral fertilizers. Uniformity of watering is reached, the radical layer of earth is constantly supported damp, emergence on it of a crust is prevented, moisture and zasolyaetsya the soil less evaporates. But the crop raises almost half. Along with it it is possible to check norms of introduction of mineral fertilizers easily. It is still important that water on a drop irrigation doesn’t get on leaves of plants and doesn’t cause mushroom diseases. Besides weeds don’t pour down thus.
The drop irrigation allows to receive early vegetables that gives you odds in the competition. Behind examples today far it is not necessary to go. In Kakhovsky, Skadovsky, Berislavsky areas the system of cultivation of vegetables on a drop irrigation was tested in 1997 and became popular. In Chumak firm on a drop irrigation from year to year receive stable crops: tomatoes – about 100 t/hectares, cucumbers – about 60 t/hectares, onions – more than 60 t/hectares, pepper – to 60 t/hectares etc. In hot Africa on sand and at a drop irrigation receive tomatoes of 100 t/hectares.
The system of a drop irrigation includes such knots: pump station (water intake) the filter, a pressure regulator, the main pipeline, the distributive pipeline, irrigating tubes or tapes with droppers.
The balance between the price and quality – is a choice of system of a drop irrigation: whether tube, whether tape. The tape LFT is cheaper and even more technologically, than a tube. Term of its use – one year (T-Teyp system).
The drop tube differs high quality, but (Netafim system) is more expensive.
In recent years in Ukraine there was popular an Evrodrip system because of high quality and low cost. A length of life of an irrigating tube of this system for vegetable growing – 3 years, and in gardening – 25 years. This tube maintains more high pressure of water, allows to carry out system washing by means of an elevated pressure and hydroblow.
Svetostabiliziruyushchiye materials increase term of operation of system and allow to use it on a soil surface.
The water used for an irrigation, surely should be cleared of impurity by means of a filtration. The brand of the filter depends on a water supply source. If an open source – the filter gravel and sand (biological cleaning), an artesian well – the disk filter.
Laying of a flexible tape and drop tube provodtsya directly ahead of landing of vegetables. One tube can provide an irrigation at once two ranks of plants. It is important to maintain the step of strips equal to distance between wheels of a tractor.
If system operation on one culture is planned one year, it is better to get cheaper tape.
Upon termination of a season dismantle of all elements of an irrigation and a bookmark them on storage according to the instruction is carried out.
(On newspaper materials To Fermerska a hospodariate).