Article is devoted to the analysis of use of various nontraditional sources of energy in the European Union countries and Israel. In it it is told about accepted measures by the governments of these countries and a material interest of power consumers on increase in consumption of a share of solar energy, as most non-polluting type of energy.
Article is intended for consumers of energy resources and is of interest for laymen.
Still in the fifties last century scientists outstripped foreign colleagues in Israel and could show with pride to the world experimental solar batteries
Still in the fifties last century scientists outstripped foreign colleagues in Israel and could show with pride to the world experimental solar batteries. What changed since then? At first sight, changes striking. Where look – everywhere da’s mirrors boilers. Israel even hold up as an example to other countries. But in its domestication the Israeli scientists, apparently, lagged behind Germans, Australians and Japanese.
Solar islands
In Israel to project a house without solar batteries, where nearly 300 sunny days in a year, – absurdity. In April, 2003 in Ashkelon two nine-floor houses without solar boilers were put in operation. Inhabitants began to complain, pointing to possibility of school buildings. In them roofs allow to place both mirrors, and boilers. For school buildings it is much less than costs of the solar island, than on similar constructions for houses. Why not to create the centralized heating? On a school roof in 2-3 places to establish large mirrors and boilers of the big size. Each such "point" can serve some tens apartments.
The parliamentary commission familiarized with how different types of energy on places are used, and the bill of wider use of solar energy which will be submitted for consideration the Knesset was developed
In Israel consider that use of alternative power sources will help to prevent power supply system crisis, to save up means of hundreds thousands citizens and to bring notable advantage to all country.
Gelioplan Evrosoyuza
The most widespread geliotermichesky installations (GTU) in the modern markets generally that are intended for water heating. They reduce a consumption of fossil fuel and emissions of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. In 1997 the European Commission designated main goals on use of renewables (VIE). The annual increase in the established solar collectors and GTU in the European Union countries for 20 %, or 100 mln m2 in an equivalent of the area of batteries was provided. That this purpose was reached, the annual gain gelioenergetiki should make about 38 % by 2010. That is to be double to present level. It is possible, if the innovative market quickly develops. In total by 2000 in Europe about 11.4 mln m2 of flat and tubular GTU were established. The mid-annual capacity of solar power plants – collectors made more than 4600 GVT. It allowed to save oil in a fuel equivalent on 704 million. liters a year and also to prevent emissions of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere in number of 1,9 million tons.
The solar plan of EU in 100 mln m2 of collectors will allow to receive 144 GDZh of thermal energy in a year, and annual number of emissions to reduce by 16.1 million tons. The share of solar energy for heating and a housing heat supply in the general energy balance of Europe in 2010 will reach 2 %. The annual 20 percent gain on installation of new GTU and combined geliosisty (KGF) in middle and high latitudes can become the most real achievement by 2010. The severe reality also is knocked on doors: the other-wordly prices for oil because of the irano-Iraq problems, cold winters, disputes of Ukraine with Russia … Therefore tenfold growth of the areas of GTU, besides fast, is an important European choice.
Best practices in an European way
In Austria the GTU market is already widely developed. Consumption of solar energy for heating of water and heating made 3,22 GDZh, or 1,06 %. Austria already reached designated EU of boundaries. It is predicted that in 2010 of 4,25 % of the hot ode and heating systems will heat up energy of the sun. As a whole in 4 years from sunshine the Austrians will finish heat power development to 13 GDZh.
On the basis of these forecasts and requirement plans to combined geliosistemam (KGFS) for heating and a heat supply increase in various EU countries. Even in the northern. So, in Sweden the share of the KGFS established in 2001 was much higher than quantity of usual solar boilers. And in not such warm Denmark, Switzerland, Norway the number of KGF and solar boilers on the area was almost made even, and in Germany where in 2001 the area of the established boilers made nearly 1 mln m2, 25 % were the share of them. The KGF main power resource is solar energy, and supplementing – a biomass, gas, oil and an electricity. Directly or via pumps and turbines. KGFS are more complex in comparison with house solar boilers as have wide scope of application.
The smallest on the area and volume solar collectors are used in those countries where as a supplementing power resource apply gas or an electricity. In Holland typical the KGF has the area of the battery 4-6 of sq.m and an accumulative tank in capacity of 300 liters. In Switzerland, Austria, Germany and Sweden they are usually packed with the boilers heated by oil and a biomass, and have the step monitoring system behind power consumption at all technological stages. So, the standard system for the house on one family consists of a collector in the area 15-30 sq.m and a tank in capacity 1-3 sq.m. A share of the solar energy going on heating of water, – from 20 % to 60 %.
In KGF there are not less than two sources of energy resources; one – the solar battery delivers heat while the Sun shines; the second – supplementing (gas, oil, firewood, an electricity) – compensate missing solar energy.
Swiss place in the sun
Mountain Switzerland has the quite good hydro energy developing with local accuracy on the Alpine rivers already many decades. But recently Swisses began to be declined on sunny side. Today the electricity from VIE (that is energy of the sun, a biomass, a wind) provides only 0,5 % of an energy balance. But following the results of the last 15 years the Swiss confederation decided to replace accents in power consumption towards VIE and to increase their share by 2010 to 1 %, that is 0,5 TVT/h. To reach this purpose the government first of all solved a question of investments for implementation of projects on production and installation in 1992 of the first solar batteries (SB) of own production in capacity of 500 kW. They were mounted on social tasks at the expense of the state. For interest of consumers on use of a gelioenergiya solar bonds – geliobondy with very attractive profitability were issued: five times above, than actions of producers of energy from usual sources. To house owners suggested to consume to 150 kWh in a year of a gelioenergiya. Advantage of this model consisted in granting to consumers of the right of such choice which was really reflected then in product cost.
The federal department of power began to advance idea under the name Green power – ecological alternative for increase of production and consumption of the VIE new forms at close cooperation between distributors and consumers.
Energy loves quality, the account and money
Because in the market of Europe appears more and more installations for production of green energy, the European association of renewable energy (AERE) coordinated and installed the "naturalness" document for the purpose of expansion of production of an electricity by safe way for environment. The standard also will certificate production and distribution of green energy both in traditional hydro energy, and in the new – solar, vetro-both bioinstallations and projects. Each distributor, wishing to trade in energy, should include not less than 2,5 % of solar, wind and biomassny energy in the package. Other 97,5 % fall to the share of non-polluting hydro energy. Those consumers who make the choice for naturalness of energy, automatically increase quantity of the certificated electricity from sunshine, a wind, water and bioresources. Now in Switzerland to buy simply a hydroelectricity don’t want, and demand from suppliers of a current to build new capacities of VIE. Geneva now is the leader on use of solar energy and is going to increase by 2008 its application to 5 MWt a year. It is necessary to apply experience of the next Germany to increase of interest to it with its tariff policy of the consumption which has led to growth of VIE technology.
In the mouth of Elba, in German port Bryunsbyuttel became operational the biggest wind-driven generator in the world. Electrogenerator capacity – 5 megawatts that provides with energy of 4500 apartments and cottages. The rotor in diameter of 126 meters is mounted on a tower in height of 120 meters, it does in a minute from 7 to 12 turns, depending on speed of a wind.
The German Bundeswehr started to sell a part of the training grounds under the device of vetroelektrostantsiya.
For us in the Crimea are available both mountains, and the woods, both small rivers, and especially favorable conditions for use vetro-and solar power plants since on east coast winds blow most strongly, and the sun especially intensively. It is a lot of private houses, elite and not so. But whether there is a lot of there solar batteries and boilers? For now we jam of the new gas price from "Rosukrenergo" and "Gazprom", burn coal, fuel oil and gas in imperfect fire chambers of thermal power plant, polluting emissions environment … Here so unsuccessfully and dullly the Sun works for us …
(On materials All Ukraine technical newspaper).