The author of article pays attention of the reader to need of observance of crop rotations; tells that non-compliance with scientific and reasonable alternation of cultures leads to increase in density of a contamination of fields, growth of number of wreckers and diseases that finally reduces a crop of crops – the soil loses fertility.
Article teaches the reader how to decide on structure of the areas and system of crop rotations on the basis of which the system of processing of the soil, a food and protection is developed.
About CROP ROTATIONS AND NOT ONLY
The spring with her pleasures and cares came. Farmers still have time to specify structure of cultivated areas: to think once again where, as how many to sow. In the spring we would like all and much. Only it is not always good much, not always the category of quantity passes to category of quality.
In any region of the Crimea, not somewhere on boondocks, and on roadsides of the central routes, it is possible to observe fields both grain grains, and propashny, where approximately identical quantity of cultural plants and malicious perennials: sow-thistle pink, sow-thistle yellow, bitterling creeping, bitterling pink, bindweed field. Thus the contamination density these weeds increases from year to year.
In agrofitocenozax, representing set cultural and weed plants, conditions for development of many wreckers and diseases are created. Weeds, wreckers and diseases considerably reduce a crop of all crops, worsening thus its quality.
And there is more to come. The soil on such fields loses the fertility (long-term malicious weeds for the vegetative period take out much more nutrients and moisture, than cultural plants), replenishes with viable shoots of roots and rhizomes of weeds and new parties of their seeds.
That the crop was profitable, would pay back invested funds, gave profit and thus didn’t "rob" the soil, it is necessary to decide on structure of cultivated areas and system of crop rotations.
In our zone grow up generally traditional cultures: winter wheat, winter and summer barley, sunflower, but sow also nonconventional or forgotten partially: winter and summer rape, mustard white and sareptsky, flax olive, nut. Due to the prolonged reorganization of agricultural production some agricultural producers think of profit more, it is less about the earth, and therefore often don’t receive desirable result and "lose" the soil.
Crop rotations on the considerable areas aren’t observed, elementary requirements to selection and alternation of cultures are sometimes broken even. And after all crop rotations – an agriculture basis. They influence all processes occurring in the soil, on interaction of cultural plants among themselves and with environment, they improve physical and chemical properties of the soil, regulate the microbiological processes occurring in it and improve a fytosanitory condition. The quantity of weeds at crop rotation observance already in the second rotation decreases in 2-3 times and more.
On the basis of the accepted crop rotations the system of processing of the soil, a power supply system of plants and protection of cultural plants against weeds, wreckers and diseases is developed. Ability is correct to make a crop rotation it developed a science and practice throughout several hundred years.
In farms at which the big areas of an arable land still take place to seven-ten and, even dvenadtsatipolny crop rotations. In collective and farms where lands in processing it is a little expedient to have four – five – and shestipolny crop rotations with inclusion of pure or busy steam. The rape, mustard "are well entered" in such crop rotations, nut.
Taking into account positive influence of steam fields on balance of moisture and on a fytosanitory condition of a crop rotation as a whole, in our Steppes the area under pure pairs should equal 15-20 %. In recent times the areas pure parov on the republic equaled 50 thousand hectares, for today according to the reporting more than 100 thousand. Here only crops of winter wheat aren’t become higher at all more likely on the contrary. Pairs often appear on paper, and in practice become a nursery of weeds, wreckers and diseases. Busy pairs are favorable for having in farms in the presence of animal husbandry, it is best of all to occupy them with cereal and bean mixes. On the one hand this hay, senazh, and with another – positive influence on fertility of the soil as biological nitrogen is used.
On pure and busy pairs place winter wheat, and on steam wheat sow nut, mustard, the rape, which, in turn, quite good predecessors for the winter grain.
Nut in the conditions of the South of Ukraine gives big and stable crops. It surpasses the majority of leguminous cultures in nutritiousness, thanking not only to the high content of protein (to 23 %), but also to its quality (equation on aminokislotny structure). Nut has huge value and as the predecessor for winter wheat. Thanks to symbiosis with klubenkovy bacteria, it leaves after itself(himself) in the soil to 125 kg of nitrogen on hectare. Some researchers argue that nut as the predecessor of winter wheat, is better some pure steam (an increase of a crop reaches 5 c/hectares).
For the last five-years period the areas of a winter rape considerably increased. Grain contains it 45-54 % of oil and 23-32 % of protein. For today the rape is around the world recognized the most perspective olive culture. Products of processing of seeds of a rape are widely used, both in the food industry, and on technical requirements. In a number of the countries rape oil is used as non-polluting biofuel – a biodiesel engine. A winter rape – the valuable predecessor of winter wheat for several reasons: has high biological ability to resist to weeds, leaves in the soil a significant amount of fossils, minimizes contamination grain root decay.
Mustard (white and sareptsky) – olive culture with existence in seeds to 50 % of oil which is widely used in the food industry, perfumery, medicine. Mustard improves soil structure, its fytosanitory condition, as well as a rape, promotes reduction of a disease grain root gnilyami, reduces a contamination of the soil and, thanks to these qualities, also is the good predecessor of winter wheat.
Sunflower on our fields, as olive culture, meanwhile out of competition. Culture quite profitable: seeds of modern grades and hybrids contain 45-50 % of oil with high flavoring and food qualities. When processing sunflower seeds it is easy to adjust production without waste and to receive oil, shrot and yeast. Sunflower – the culture drought-resistant, has deeply getting root system therefore strongly dries up the soil and in crop rotations it is best of all to have its concluding culture. To sow it on the same field it is recommended not earlier than what in 8-10 years for two main reasons – zarazixa and a soil siccation. For today there are zarazikhoustoychivy grades and hybrids, and some scientists allow crops it in 6-8 years and even less. But after all in our region still nobody cancelled a drought and sunflower crops with a smaller interval than 8-10 years lead to decrease in a crop not only it, but also other cultures of a crop rotation.
Being guided by the above-mentioned list of cultures it is possible to make highly specialized crop rotations with the following alternation of cultures:
– chetyrekhpolny: the pure (occupied) steam, winter wheat, winter wheat (winter or summer barley), sunflower;
- pyatipolny: the pure (occupied) steam, winter wheat, mustard (nut), winter wheat (winter barley), sunflower. The sunflower in such crop rotations can be grown up through rotation it came back to a former place in 8-10 years.
Instead of sunflower it is possible to sow any propashny or grain kolosovy culture. In a steppe zone crops of grain grains on grain, but are allowed no more than two years. It is possible to take away under sunflower in the last field of a crop rotation a field half, and other half to occupy, for example, with summer barley. Through rotation the sunflower and summer barley interchange the position.
Due to the increase in demand at seeds of a winter rape in a number of farms create specialized rape and grain the 4th, 5-ipolnye crop rotations. They approximately have the following alternation of cultures: the pure (occupied) steam, a winter rape, winter wheat, winter wheat (winter barley).
Development and introduction in production of economic and reasonable crop rotations taking into account specialization of an economy, its soil klimati-cheskix conditions in a combination to the correct processing of the soil against rational use of fertilizers – main compound reasonable use of the earth and receiving the maximum quantity of production from one hectare of the sevooborotny area.
Crop rotations are the cheapest, available and effective remedy of regulation of sufficient balance of moisture, a humus, a fytosanitory condition of the soil and environmental protection.
To. ZHENCHENKO, senior research associate of laboratory of agriculture of the APP Crimean institute.