The peas characteristic is provided in this article – as main source of food and fodder protein. Recommendations about an agrotechnology of cultivation of this culture are made. The zoned grades are listed.
PEAS – VYSOKOBELKOVAYA CULTURE
Along with crops of the main grain culture of the Crimea – winter wheat, at us in the republic the area of crops of leguminous cultures extends. In 2006 under them it was taken away 9,1 thousand hectares. Further these cultures should gain still bigger distribution. As they have special value for lifting of level of agriculture and animal husbandry development.
The leguminous – the main source of food and fodder protein, and also increase of fertility of fields.
Over 80 % of crops of all leguminous cultures are occupied by peas. For the Crimea it it is far not highly productive culture: requirements of biology of peas don’t correspond to the Crimean conditions of growth. At the final stage of vegetation – naliva and grain maturing – peas get to a phase under an air and soil drought (a high temperature mode with low relative humidity). A crop at level of 10-12 c/hectares. In droughty years of 1,3-6,0 c/hectares.
The second reason on what our farmers refuse peas cultivation on seeds – its high osypayemost.
Peas on productivity considerably concede winter and early grain, but owing to the high content of protein in grain (to 26 %) give it within 400-500 kg from hectare, and good aminokislotny structure.
Now there were not being showered grades which crop can be cleaned a direct kombaynirovaniye, and still grades earlier which partially leave from critical conditions of growth.
Considering that peas – the culture of early terms of sowing and maturing after its cleaning are possible pozhnivny and poukosny crops of other cultures, and it means – collecting two crops in a year from the same area.
Experience showed that at observance of all rules of an agrotechnology of an economy of the Crimea can receive big crops of peas. And therefore at a choice of predecessors under this culture it is necessary to consider that it needs pure fields from weeds, soils well provided with moisture and rich with nutrients.
The best predecessors for peas – the winter grain, propashny crops early releasing fields. After summer grain crops of this bean culture usually happen much lower, than after the winter.
It is impossible to place peas crops on peas or to return it on the same place earlier, than in 3-4 years as it leads to strong defeat by diseases and damage by wreckers.
It is desirable to sow peas far away from the areas occupied with long-term herbs which have much the general with it wreckers and from landings of a white and yellow acacia, a glyadichiya, being the centers of distribution of wreckers.
The early deep zyablevy plowing which has been in addition processed since autumn, allows, the soil to save up moisture and nutrients, promote destruction of weeds, creates conditions for development and activity of klubenkovy bacteria. Plow under peas on depth of 25-30 cm that promotes crop increase on 2 c/hectares.
Peas well respond on application of fertilizers, especially phosphorus-potassium which besides productivity increase, accelerate its maturing, increase stability of plants to diseases, promote education klubenkov on roots and to increase of their activity. Introduction when plowing zyabi in number of RK on 45 kg of of century gives an increase in a crop for 8,2 %, and at introduction together with seeds at crops in ryadka on 50-60 kg/hectares of superphosphate – for 10,3 %.
During the first period of growth, before development of bacteria and assimilation of free nitrogen of air by them when and in the soil didn’t collect yet rather usvoyaemy nitric food, peas can appear not provided this element of a food. Therefore introduction of nitric fertilizer in small doses yields good result. Introduction under N10 cultivation on hectare provides in the spring a crop increase for 23.5 %.
It is noted that introduction of nitric fertilizers in moderate doses raises the content of protein in grain. Introduction of full mineral fertilizer (NPK on 45 kg of of century) gives the chance to raise peas crop for 32,2 %.
For peas protection from defeat askokhitozy, fuzariozy and other diseases it is necessary in 3-4 weeks prior to crops to pickle seeds. Their preliminary protravlivaniye is more effective: less dosage yadoximikatov, and as a result a protravlivaniye isn’t reflected perniciously in klubenkovy bacteria when processing seeds nitraginy before crops.
Considering small requirements of peas to heat and considerable – to moisture, especially at germination of seeds, it is necessary to sow it in the spring as it is possible earlier, the first culture. At early crops seeds of peas are better provided with moisture, pass a yarovizatsiya stage quicker, give more shoots, and plants develop more powerful root system. Delay with crops for 10 days reduces a crop for 10 %, and delay for 20 days – for 20 % in comparison with early term of crops. A way of crops – the ordinary private soldier with row-spacings 15 see. Norm of seeding in limits from 0,8 to 1,2 million grains on hectare (220-260 kg/hectares). Thus higher norms of seeding justify at a contamination of fields weeds, a sufficient vlagoobespechennost and need of repeated boronovaniye of crops.
The seeds of peas demanding a lot of moisture for germination, should be closed up to the soil rather deeply: large seeds on depth of 8-10 cm, an average krupnost – on 7-9 cm, small – on 6-7 see.
Effective action for receiving uniform and amicable shoots, especially in droughty conditions, is the katkovaniye (better annulate shporovymi skating rinks).
Boronovaniye of crops – is the main and obligatory reception of fight against annual weeds, moisture preservations in the soil and alignment of its surface, giving considerable increases of a crop. It is necessary to apply one to destruction of sprouts of weeds dovskhodovy and two poslevskhodovy boronovaniye.
Peas plants very much suffer from existence in crops of weeds, especially at the initial stages of vegetation. Therefore application of herbicides in system of technology of cultivation of culture is in most cases justified. Most often use soil herbicides, and also some insurance which bring on vegetiruyushchy plants. At the correct application of herbicides crops don’t demand special leaving.
In a complex of the actions directed on receiving big crops great value pest control and diseases has. The most widespread and dangerous wreckers of this culture are the pea zernovka, a pea plodozhorka, an akatsiyevy ognevka, the klubenkovy weevil and a pea plant louse. From diseases most often strike peas crops askoxitoz, fuzarioz, a rust and others.
The main measures of pest control – chemical processings of crops by the resolved chemical preparations and biological products in mass appearance of the wrecker.
The main measures of fight against diseases - timely cleaning of the pozhnivny remains, destruction of weeds on fields, plowing under crops, observance of a crop rotation and a protravlivaniye of seeds.
The most difficult work at peas cultivation – cleaning. Difficulties are caused by that peas ripen non-uniformly – the bottom beans before top, at plumose on a root or drying they fissure that leads to a yield loss. Besides, peas by the end of vegetation it is strong polegaet. It is necessary to use grades of the grain direction, undersized with standard types of a bush or moustached forms.
To prevent yield losses, peas clean the specialized or converted harvesters. Cleaning begin at a pozhelteniye of 70-75 % of beans. Its best way – separate with use of special harvesters. The general duration of cleaning shouldn’t exceed 7-8 days at humidity of grain of 16-18 %. Height of a cut regulate so that in the field didn’t remain untidy beans, usually around 10-15 see. At modern grades height of fastening of the bottom bean 12-17 see. On a reel of the combine fill canvas strips, for blow mitigation. Number of turns of the molotilny device reduce to 450-500 rpm.
Straw of peas use for feeding of cattle and pigs after preliminary crushing and hashing with straw of cereals.
The grain arriving from under the combine, it is necessary to clear at once of impurity and in case of need to dry to humidity of 14 %. To store the cleared and dried-up grain of peas no more than 1,5 m are necessary an embankment the in thickness or in bags, from time to time it is necessary to air and shovel for preservation of quality of production.
From the grades zoned in a steppe zone for cultivation in farms of the Crimea it is possible to recommend the following:
The Lugansk. Sredneranny (duration of the vegetative period of 75-80 days). Stability to drowning – satisfactory, to a seed vysypaniye – high that is caused by accretion of seed legs with a seed peel. Differs zasukho-and heat resistance. Has tolerant stability to defeat by diseases, in particular root gnilyami. Highly productive, unites this quality with stability of a crop. In 2006 when studying at the APP Crimean institute in the conditions of a waterless valley provided productivity of 14,7 c/hectares. It is expedient to grow up for receiving food and fodder grain.
Mass of 1000 seeds of 260 – 270 g.
Kombaynovy 1. Mid-season (duration of the vegetative period of 77-80 days). Stability to drowning – good, at the expense of association of strong coupling of plants by moustaches with the increased durability of a stalk. Stability to a vysypaniye of seeds at complete maturing of beans – high. Stability to diseases the good. Highly productive. Potential productivity of seeds of 50-55 c/hectares. It is suitable for cultivation on technology with application of a direct kombaynirovaniye on harvesting of seeds. It is expedient to grow up for receiving a foodgrain. The content of protein in seeds of 26,3 % – the maximum indicator among new grades of 2003. Mass of 1000 seeds of 240 – 260 g.
Agrotechnical requirements of intensive type.
Stepovik. Mid-season (duration of the vegetative period of 75-80 days). Stability to drowning of plants good at the expense of a combination of strong coupling of plants moustaches with the increased durability of a stalk. Stability to a vysypaniye of seeds at complete maturing of beans the high. Zasukho-and heat-tolerant. Stability to diseases the good. Highly productive grades the Golden eagle and Kombaynovy 1, as more fruitful and earlier on maturing term – for 2-3 days. The content of protein in seeds of 26.5-27.4 %. Collecting protein in a crop of seeds of 6,9-8,4 c/hectares.
Agrotechnical requirements – intensive type.
It is twisted. It is noted by high efficiency. An average crop in the state sortoispytaniye for 2003-2004 in a steppe zone made 33.2 c/hectares.
Mid-season, duration of the vegetative period of 82-85 days. It is steady against drowning. The grade of "moustached" type, is noted by a thick main stalk both well developed moustaches and stipules. Stability to diseases the high. The content of protein in a seed of 23-26 %.
Agrotechnical requirements ordinary for a cultivation zone.
O. Ptashnik, manager of plant growing and kormoproizvodstvo laboratory.