Brief historical information about development of irrigated agriculture in the Crimea is given. Further there is a speech about the main objectives facing to the Crimean skilled and meliorative station and ways of their decision.
SCIENTIFIC PROVIDING the WATER ECONOMIC COMPLEX of the CRIMEA
In the Crimea Irrigated agriculture is one of major factors of an intensification of agricultural production. Especially in areas with insufficient and unstable moistening where in a year 340-370 mm of a precipitation drop out, and normal growth and development of plants needs 800-1100 mm, i.e. the consumption of water on total evaporation in 2-2,5 times exceeds arrival in the form of a precipitation. Comparison only these sizes shows that any agroreceptions directed on preservation of water in the soil (a boronovaniye, a mulchirovaniye etc.) such difference it is impossible to compensate and consequently an irrigation – the unique possibility to receive the big guaranteed crops of crops.
Irrigation development in the Crimea is connected from the beginning of the period of continuous collectivization in the thirties. Then, on the basis of the resolution of the government The comprehensive water economic plan of the Crimean ASSR (1932-1933) was developed. For irrigation development from the state the budgetary allocations for water economic construction considerably increased.
On August 20, 1931 there was a resolution of Council of People’s Commissars of the Crimean ASSR About a condition and prospects of meliorative works in the Crimean ASSR and carrying out them in connection with land reform in which it was specified that further reconstruction of agricultural industry should become stronger on the basis of a unified plan of a water management of KRASSR and the maximum forced development of meliorative construction, and also studying of water resources of the Crimea and their correct use.
For the solution of these tasks at an irrigation and scientific on reasonable grounds to conducting irrigated agriculture in 1932 on the basis of the resolution of Council of Peoples Commissars of the USSR from February 1, 1931 and the resolution of Council of Peoples Commissars of the Crimean ASSR from August 21, 1931 the Crimean skilled and meliorative station (KOMS) was organized.
The main objectives of the Crimean skilled and meliorative station were introduction in practice of irrigated farms of achievements in the field of an irrigation, studying of a mode and equipment of watering of vegetable, garden, commercial, efiromaslichny and other crops, economy of irrigated agriculture.
From 1932 to 1973 the name of station remained. Subordination changed only, she treats since 1992 Institute of hydraulic engineering and UAAN land improvement.
Since January 17, 2007 it is renamed into the Crimean research center (KNITs) of IGIM UAAN.
In collective such known scientists at different times worked: the soil scientist – k.s. – x. I.K.Supryaga’s sciences; gardeners – the doctor of page – x. sciences, the professor of Dative Semash, the doctor so-called, the professor of Accusative Ostapchik, to. page – x. I.N.Panasenko’s sciences; hydraulic engineering – the doctor of page – x. sciences, professor N. S. Goryunov, k.s. – x.nauk P. V. Tishchenko; k.t. sciences, assistant professor P.A.Maryushin; k.ek. sciences, professor N. A.Zakusilov and others
Today the Crimean research center of Institute of hydraulic engineering and land improvement of UAAN is the regional center of scientific ensuring development of irrigating land improvements and ecologically safe use of irrigated lands of the Autonomous Republic Crimea and the southern areas of Ukraine.
The Crimean research center conducts basic and applied researches in the field of hydraulic engineering and land reclamation, a water management, agricultural water supply and methods of water purification, a microirrigation of fruit crops and grapes, social and economic problems of effective use of the reclaimed lands in market conditions, carries out monitoring of the reclaimed lands with use of space information.
Develops projects of maximum-permissible dumpings (PDS) of the weighed substances in water objects, has the license for design and construction of systems of a microirrigation in the conditions of the opened and closed soil, and also systems of watering of lawns and landscape gardening plantings. Hands over to customers ready turnkey objects, carries out field service.
The center developed technology and modes of a drop irrigation fruit and berry, grapes, vegetable, medicinal and citrus fruit crops which allow to carry out appointment and carrying out waterings, application of fertilizers and provide:
big crops of fruit crops – to 80 t/hectares; grapes more – 20 t/hectares; tomatoes, cucumbers – to 120 t/hectares; potatoes – to 40 t/hectares; water-melons – to 60 t/hectares;
economy of irrigation water at a drop irrigation more than for 70 %;
reduction of expenses of energy by supply of irrigation water in 1,5 – 2,5 times;
economy of fertilizers at the expense of their introduction with irrigation water in 1,5 – 2,5 times.
Important place the scientific development connected with the solution of problems of effective use of ground and water resources occupies, their returns and formation of a market mechanism in a water economic complex.
The center developed standard and methodical documents by definition of the price of irrigated lands, a method of economic qualification of farms for effective use of the reclaimed lands, the provision on consolidation of owners on raspayevanny irrigated lands, scientific and methodical principles and mechanisms of a korporatizatsiya of management of meliorative systems in modern conditions.
At the heart of a technique of receiving and processing of materials of satellite shootings of Earth developed by the center, digital materials of polyzonal satellite shootings are used.
For ecologically safe agricultural and municipal water supply technological schemes and designs of installations for cleaning natural, water and sewage in filtering constructions with application of highly effective filtering materials are developed and improved. The developed technologies of water purification confirmed with patents of Ukraine and other states.
For the solution of important water economic problems in the center programs are prepared: on optimization of use of water resources and their integrated management; by definition of norms of PDS of the weighed substances in water objects and ecological and safe modes of an irrigation of page – x. cultures with use of a tool method. Its application allows the water consumer to use rationally irrigating water, to receive big crops of crops and to keep ecological balance of the territory.
Research development (technologies, recommendations, techniques, etc.) is approved at the base state enterprise of the Pilot farm (GPOH) the "Crimea" of page of Zhelyabovk of the Nizhnegorsky area. On skilled and production sites pilot studies by determination of volumes of evaporation are conducted with a surface of irrigated lands with use of a soil balansomer; on studying of modes of operation of new nozzles of developed IGIM for DM-100M for various cultures; on establishment of expenses of irrigating water on cultivation of various cultures and determination of their economic efficiency; construction of an experimental site of a drop and intra soil irrigation of a yablonevy garden, studying of reliability and operability of the irrigation equipment is planned.
Except the main experimental site, the Crimean center carries out skilled pilot studies and promotion of scientific achievements in other regions of the Crimea, for example:
– on lands of the Crimean research center of fruit growing of UAAN (page. Small the Simferopol area), on a site of a drop irrigation of a yablonevy garden state farm plant "Fruit" (page. Fruit the Simferopol area) many years the laboratory of a microirrigation carries out researches on studying of efficiency of drop watering of fruit crops. On the basis of the received materials recommendations to destination optimum terms and norms of watering of fruit and berry cultures and grapes are developed;
– on experimental sites of SOOO Perekop’s Storm (the village Ishun of the Krasnogvardeysky area), KSP of Kalinin (the village of Kalinin of the May Day area) are constructed water-balance sites on measurement of total evaporation from field cultures by means of a hydraulic water balansomer. By results of researches optimum ecological and safe norms of watering of crops are developed;
– on water-purifying constructions PPVKX of Shchelkino is constructed a skilled and experimental site for production researches of processes of water purification for the purpose of development of new, effective technologies and methods.
Now the center performs works on a state order of the Ukrainian Academy of Agrarian sciences as a part of the scientific and technical program Development of the reclaimed territories on development of scientific bases of effective use of agroresource capacity of reclaimed territories on bases of the integrated management of water and ground resources for 2006 – 2010 (with reference to conditions in AR Crimea).
KNITs conducts joint basic and applied researches with related institutes of Ukraine and Russia, in particular, on use of materials of space shootings for irrigated agriculture, development of technologies of water purification with use of cheap local filtering materials.
Our center takes active part in international cooperation. With its participation for the first time in history Ukraine in the Crimea the meeting of the European group of World Organization on an irrigation and a drainage was held. The staff of the center was involved in all directions of work within the Ukrainian-Dutch WATERMUK project according to which recommendations the Ukrainian-Dutch intergovernmental consulting Council for questions “Water for the food and ecosystems” is created.
E. SEJTUMEROV, scientific secretary of the Crimean research center.