The material acquaints the reader with new resource-saving technologies in a zernoproizvodstvo, scientifically developed specialists of the APP Crimean institute.
1
We continue a subject
(Improvement of receptions of cultivation of grain crops – a subject which was repeatedly rising in our newspaper).
I will not open Canada, having told that the country of the Maple leaf the largest supplier of grain in the world market. Creation of the Canadian-Ukrainian grain project – II became the certificate of close cooperation between Canada and Ukraine in the sphere of agricultural industry. The joint project result of mutual aspiration to advance of market reforms in agrarian and industrial complex.
The project provided wide use of experience of the Canadian farmers in minimization of agrarian risks and increase of production efficiency of grain in Ukraine. The special place is allocated for questions of planning of activity of the enterprises, in particular, to business planning, studying of risks and methods of management by them, crediting in a zernoproizvodstvo and to other directions.
The important place allocates the project for introduction of resource-saving technologies in agriculture. Considering an urgency of this subject for the Crimean zernoproizvoditel, we publish the section of a grant of the Canadian-Ukrainian grain project – II which is developed and made by the senior employee of the Crimean institute of agroindustrial production, the candidate of agricultural sciences Nikolay Saenko.
Urgency of introduction of resursosberegayushchikhtekhnologiya of a zernoproizvodstvo to a vstepny zone of Ukraine. APP Crimean institute experience.
Background of a bezotvalnoyobrabotka of the soil
For the first time a question of need close the soyedineniyatekhnologiya of processing of the soil in with features of its climate and a soil cover were delivered by V. V. Dokuchayev. V1900g. in about nature zones he wrote the Doctrine: The system of farming and crop rotations which was invented by Frenchmen, nemcyi Englishmen, completely is suitable for inherent their countries stony and sandy soils, poor nutrients, but densely irrigated, is unacceptable for our chernozem zone which is known for the dryness. Nashazadacha – to create the agronomical actions indicating the main lines and receptions of rural economics, adapted to knashy conditions. First of all it is necessary to solve dveosnovnyeproblemy: 1) to restore the physical structure of soils changed by negligent and illiterate processing and 2) most to use a poor precipitation.
For many droughty areas which the steppe part of the Crimea belongs also, one of the most actual tasks – sberezhenievlagi vpochve. In 1890, at the First agricultural congress in…. Osvinsky, buduchiubezhdenny that moisture loss by the soil in droughty areas objyasnyaetsyay deep processing with a layer turn, declared: I otvergayuglubokuyupakhotuplugy ipriznayu neobxodimostryxleniyapochvy, noetodolzhendelatne plow, vyvorachivayushchiynizhniysloykazhdy year, and pochvouglubitelyikultivator. I recognize neobxodimosttolkomelkojpaxotyna 2-3 inches for unichtozheniyasornyxtrav iprikrytiyanavoza.
Especially sharply there were voprosotnositelno a puteyusovershenstvovaniye of system of cultivation of the soil vzasushlivy areas at development virgin and laylands in Northern Kazakhstan, where a kzadachamsberezheniye of moisture and fight against weeds at soil processing pribavilasyeshche and its protection from an erosion, especially wind. Resheniyeeta zadachipredlozhil All-Union research institution of grain (academician A.I.Barayevs employees). In Northern Kazakhstan the soil began obrabatyvatploskorezami with preservation of an eddish and other vegetative remains, kotoryene only it is effective zashhishhaligrunt from a wind erosion, but also created favorable conditions for moisture accumulation vpochve.
The stock of productive moisture in the soil after ploskorezny processing before crops of summer cultures, as a rule, much more, than at a usual plowed land, as provides polucheniyeboleevysoky crops. The main processing of the soil is carried out by ploskorezami-rykhlitelyamiya cultivators-ploskorezami, leaving in the field to 80 % of an eddish.
However one of shortcomings of offered methods for minimization of processing of the soil a bylaopasnost of a contamination of fields. To Vnash time in process of saturation of agricultural industry by herbicides, connections agrotechnical, biological and chemicals, fight against weeds does minimization of cultivation of the soil everything boleerealny. Etomutakzhe will promote also objedineniyeraznykhoperatsiya for odinproxod the unit or the car: soil preparation kposevu, introduction in it of fertilizers, crops and prikatyvaniyeselskokhozyaystvenny cultures.
Urgency of the solution of problems of bezotvalny processing of the soil
Bespluzhnoye agriculture represents, somewhat, modeling of grain process of soil formation. In virgin steppes this process created the richest chernozem soils. In the course of a plowed land its action stopped because of otchuzhdeniyas fields as basic (grain) and collateral (straw, polova) a crop, that is because of razmykaniyaestestvennogobiologichesky circulation of substances. Considerable loss of a humus vpochve became Sledstviyemetogo of disconnection and agrophysical degradation of an arable layer collapsed structure, the density of soils raised, porosity, water penetration and a moisture capacity decreased, intensity of a water and wind erosion raised.
As showed long-term nauchnyeissledovaniye vUkraine and abroad vnedreniyeminimalny processing of the soil at cultivation of crops razreshaetpoluchit a number of considerable advantages in comparison with traditional agriculture which is based on an otvalnoyvspashka. Glavnyeiznikh:
– obedinenieploskoreznogovozdelyvaniyas additional use of a heavy disk harrow allows to create most blagopriyatnyjdlya plants a root layer, blizkijkestestvennojstrukture soils;
– vrezultate accumulation on a surface of the soil of the mulchiizrastitelny remains and boleerasprostranenny in top plastepochvy root system of plants, absorbing ability of the soil raises and its agrophysical properties improve.
– the effect of warming at bespluzhny cultivation promotes reduction of depth of a promerzaniye of the soil and provides its boleeranny readiness for processing and crops of early summer cultures;
– mulching plastsnizhaet soil temperature vzharky time that is positive vliyaetna growth and development of plants, reduces unproductive evaporation of soil moisture;
– the rest on a surface of the soil of a mulch and vneseniyeudobreniye to a sodeystvuyetuluchsheniye of its nutritious mode, sozdaniyuoptimalny conditions for rostai developments of plants;
– vegetative mulchai fertilizers increase biological activity of the top layer of earth providing boleevysoky vsxozhest of plants and their accelerated growth;
– shirokozaxvatnosti high efficiency of cars and adaptations for bespluzhny, superficial processing of the soil promotes a povysheniyuproizvoditelnost of work, umensheniyuzatratrabochy time, fuel, fertilizers on unit of the grown-up crop.
These advantages mean new, boleevysokijetap a vrazvitiizemledeliya, they provide a polucheniyevysoky crop at decrease is expensive work and means of production promote restoration of natural fertility of soils.