In article recommendations about damage rate definition by frosts of grape bushes, including eyes, annual and long-term wood, and also root system are made by various methods. Recommendations on the care of the damaged plantings are made also.
To establish, what leaving is necessary for damaged by winter frosts and spring frosts a vineyard, first of all, it is necessary to define after the termination of colds nature of damages of various parts of the grape bushes, in particular wintering eyes
To establish, what leaving is necessary for damaged by winter frosts and spring frosts a vineyard, first of all, it is necessary to define after the termination of colds nature of damages of various parts of the grape bushes, in particular wintering eyes and an annual rod, long-term wood and root system.
For definition of degree and nature of damages of eyes and a rod on a vineyard select average test from 25 normally developed escapes and cut off them on 15 eyes. Test select on one from each grade, age of planting, a way of maintaining a formirovka, separately from irrigated and not irrigated vineyards, from low-lying and sublime parts of a relief. It is selected evenly from all massif, no more than one escape from a control bush.
Each test is supplied with a label with the indication of an economy, office, a brigade, quarter, a cage, a grade, the areas, dates of selection, a surname of the foreman, the person which has selected test.
The analysis of a condition of eyes carry out both an anatomic method, and a prorashchivaniye.
Anatomic method. If test is selected right after frosts, escapes in a warm room put the bottom ends in water for 3-5 days in order that they thawed, and passed dimness of the died-off fabrics of eyes and escapes. Since the first, cut each peephole. The plane of a cut should be the perpendicular plane of placement of a spreading fabric of the basis of a peephole. A half it cut at its basis and reject. For the planes of a cut of the remained half of a peephole should be allocated distinctly central and two spare kidneys. Victims have brown color. At temperature falls the central kidney from which plodonosny escape, as a rule, develops first of all perishes.
Prorashchivaniye. For a prorashchivaniye each rod cut on odnoglazkovy shanks. Them establish in a ditch with openings in a cover. The bottom ends of shanks immerse in water on 2-3 see their Prorashchivayut indoors at temperature 22-26 0S, alternating lighting and darkness in 12 hours. Results of a prorashchivaniye consider in 15-20 days.
Prorashchivaniye keeps kidneys in eyes and allows to establish their plodonosnost.
Results of analyses write down in the magazine in a uniform form (see tab.) the Obtained data bring in a form on each escape and a peephole the following symbols: 1 (unit) – completely remained peephole;. (point) – was lost the central kidney, but remained one or two spare kidneys; X (cross) – completely lost peephole; 0 (zero) – a peephole isn’t present.
Date………, economy…….., office…………
………….., brigade…….., quarter of No………….,
grade………., year of landing……….., area…. hectare.
Damages of a rod and long-term wood. Action of frosts on an annual gain first of all affects the top layers of a diaphragm and the closest parts of wood surrounding a core. Such damages usually don’t involve any substantial negative effects. Complete damage of a diaphragm and parts of wood adjoining to it is also harmless, if kidneys aren’t injured. The remained cambium obrazovyvaet round the damaged sites new fabrics, and a sokodvizheniye is restored.
Damages of a cambium, bass and wood on long-term parts are very dangerous, as can lead to decrease in a crop not only in the current year, but also the next years, to reduction of the productive period and even to full death of plantings. Therefore at inspection of vineyards first of all pay attention to a damage rate of these fabrics, both on an annual rod, and on long-term parts of a bush.
In various sites of a rod or long-term sleeves from the different parties remove a bark for a bass and cambium exposure. At the intact rods and sleeves a bass green, wood light green or white. The fabrics damaged by frosts have the brown coloring which is evenly covering a part of escape or all escape, a sleeve.
At ukryvny culture of damage often have dot or spotty character (a spotty necrosis).
Researches of National Institute "Magarach" the last 30 years noted features of damage by frosts of average and high-standard vineyards and features of their restoration are developed.
At inspection of damage of plantings the special attention is necessary for turning on a part shtamba, located on the section snow (earth) – air. Here the greatest semi-ring and ring damages by frosts are possible. On such bushes even at full safety of krone inevitably gradual usykhaniye of green escapes in the subsequent vegetation. These damages meet on young plantings more often.
If there is a need to remove bush krone, it is expedient to leave the maximum height intact shtamba for acceleration of its high-grade restoration.
If it is necessary to remove a part or all shtamb in the winter, and the cut can’t be covered the soil, delete only krone, leaving on shtambe hemp of sleeves and cordons in length 15-20 see. To cut off shtamb it is possible only after crying approach. SHtamb, cut off in the winter, can dry to a place of soldering of a scion with a stock from a siccation through open vessels in a cut place. SHtamby perish from drying, and wine-growers wrongly consider them frozen.
To protect from a siccation, cut off in the winter not covered by the soil shtamby it is possible a covering of cuts of bushes oil paint or the garden thief.
On kordonny average and high-standard formirovka with big damage of eyes (the 2nd category of damage) and partial damage of long-term wood of cordons for fight against polarity of their green escapes all cordon have not horizontally, and at an angle 25-30 0 down. It gives the chance to receive a crop and to grow up in the top part shtamba strong rods for replacement of damaged or very old sick cordon. Thus the need for a prishchipyvaniye and fragments of green escapes considerably decreases.
In time scraps of bushes should be remembered that frosts less damage thinner escapes and smaller in the size eyes. But the plodonosnost and productivity of escapes decreases in process of reduction of their thickness. This regularity is more expressed on grades with a high plodonosnost of escapes (A riesling, Cabernet Sauvignon, Aligota, Pino’s group).
Poroslevye escapes of many grades develop from sleeping eyes of long-term parts of a bush (shtamby, sleeves, cordons), but they neplodonosny. Escapes at the beginning of their growth this shortcoming is eliminated with Prishchipyvany.
Damages estimate in points:
0–damages it is not revealed;
1–the individual small grown brown spots;
2–the total area of the grown brown sites within 5-10 % of a surface of rods, sleeves. The bass is damaged only;
3–the grown brown sites meet often – borrow to 25 % of a surface of rods, sleeves. The bass and the top layers of cells of wood are damaged;
4–total area of damages over 25 % of a surface of rods or sleeves, often on all their circle (ring defeat). The bass and wood are damaged;
5–the continuous ring defeat, being accompanied an usykhaniye of rods, sleeves.
Extent of defeat of long-term parts of a bush define directly in the field on those bushes from which take also a rod for an average sample.
Damages of root system. At deep promerzaniye of the soil (40-50 cm and are deeper) there is a real danger of damages of root system, bad water inflow and nutrients to growth points, weak, overdue growth of escapes, their bad ripening can be a consequence of that. The next years probably damage of plantings by rather light frosts and even their death.
The damage rate of roots depends both on level of decrease in temperature of the soil, and from features of root system. Roots of the European grades (at kornesobstvenny bushes) maintain temperature fall to 5-7 0S, and roots of the American grades (at the imparted bushes) – till 9-11 0S below zero.
For research of damages of root system in row-spacings in 20-30 cm from a bush dig a trench to the first circle of roots. If on these roots the turned yellow or grown brown sites (that testifies to their damage by frosts) are found, a trench dig more deeply until the intact roots will be dug out. Release from the earth underground shtamb and by a way of cuts determine and estimate a damage rate underground shtamba and roots in points:
0–damages aren’t present;
1–weak and yellow, brownish coloring of separate sites of a bass;
2–on a half of a surface of roots the bass grew brown, the cambium, and wood didn’t suffer;
3–the bass is damaged strongly, almost on all surface of roots the cambium and wood are damaged poorly, on separate sites;
4–the bass is damaged on all surface of a root, the cambium and the top layers of wood grew brown for 80 % of a surface of a root;
5–roots grew brown on all the section – complete dying off.
Roots dig out not less than at 5 bushes dispersed on all massif, or on the most suspicious places of the massif.
Classification of damages and care of a vineyard. On degree and nature of damages in low temperatures vineyards subdivide into five categories. Each of them demands the complex of receptions of care of bushes.
1st category. Damage of wintering eyes to 70 %. Damage of an annual rod weak – 1-2 points. Long-term wood isn’t damaged.
At a scrap of such bushes loading is given by eyes with the amendment depending on degree of their safety on a formula:
,
where But – loading final (with the amendment);
Np – loading planned (live eyes);
Ps – percent of safety of eyes.
For convenience of using this method at a scrap of plants with a various damage rate and level of potential efficiency beforehand make the working table of loadings with amendments on a vymerzaniye. For example:
2nd category. Wintering eyes froze for 70-90 %, the annual rod has average extent of defeat, but ring damages aren’t present – 2-3 points. Long-term wood is damaged poorly – 1-2 points.
All high-grade escapes on a bush cut off for length of 12-15 eyes, weak and oppressed escapes delete. On each sleeve or a fruit link leave not less than 1-2 knots of replacement of 3-4 peepholes. Final loading establish at a fragment.
3rd category. Wintering eyes froze for 90-100 %. The annual rod has ring defeats – 4 points. Long-term parts of a bush have average defeats. Ring damages aren’t present – 2-3 points. The root system suffered poorly – 0-1 points.
At a scrap all otplodonosivshy shooters with a gain delete. Escapes on knots of replacement cut off on 1-2 peepholes. At development of insufficient number of green escapes the last deeply mint over the 2-3rd leaf from the basis. It can promote development of stepsons and escapes from the kidneys of next year which are often bearing on rudiments of inflorescences. The main objective at such damages – to grow up enough of a fruit rod on the crop’s eve of next year.
4th category. All elevated part of a bush completely froze. Root system, underground shtamb, the place of soldering and a ground part privoyny shtamba are damaged in weak degree – 2-3 points.
Bushes cut off Kornesobstvennye on a black head – on 10-12 cm below level of a surface of the soil and on 1-2 cm above a central thickening underground shtamba. The imparted bushes cut off on 10-15 cm above a soldering place if intact the part privoyny shtamba, hilled for the winter there remained.
From developing poroslevy escapes by a method of the accelerated formation restore a formirovka of an elevated part of a bush.
5th category. Root system and underground shtamb are struck in strong degree – 5 points. In this case safety of an elevated part of a bush, for example at ukryvny culture, has no value as such bushes will die off in the same year or will gradually die off within the next 3-5 years.
Plantings, at which more than 40 % of bushes have strongly damaged underground shtamby and root system (5 points), are subject to a raskorchevka.
If on the imparted vineyards left for the winter without an earthing up, froze to a soldering place more than 40 % of bushes, irrespective of degree of safety of root system (stock roots) such plantings are subject to a raskorchevka.
On the covered vineyards in snowless winters to some extent the root system often is damaged at quite satisfied safety of the protected elevated part of a bush. In this case, if are strongly damaged thin, but calcaneal roots and underground shtamb remained, it is necessary to reduce considerably loading of bushes to keep evaporating surface of a bush and to prevent it in development of escapes when root system yet in a condition to submit water.
By no means it is impossible to allow overloads a crop of the vineyards damaged by frosts as it can not only complicate their complete recovery, but even to lead to death.
A.Avidzba, the director NIViV "Magarach", V. Ivanchenko, the deputy director on NIR NIViV of "Magarach", M. Beybulatov, the manager. agrotechnology department.