In a note the orekhoplodny culture – a filbert is described. The characteristic of grades of the Crimean and foreign selection is presented. Influence of climatic conditions on their cultivation is noted.
To attention of the gardener
To attention of the gardener
Historically it developed so that this orekhoplodny breed received nabolshy development in areas of the Black Sea and Mediterranean coasts. The last 2-3 centuries a filbert started to plant strenuously in northern regions of Europe and in North America.
Filbert fruits – the valuable product suitable for use in a crude and processed look. In considerable volumes nuts use in the food industry for manufacturing of confectionery. From them cook soups, oil and a flour possessing fine nutritious properties, and also milk which recommend to accept in the medical purposes; them salt, with them stuff dishes from a bird.
In the Crimea long since were engaged in filbert cultivation.
At the best grades and forms of this culture the exit of a kernel makes from 52 to 63 %. Into their structure enters: 59-70 % of oil, 11-18 % of protein, 3-8 % of carbohydrates and 2-3 % of mineral salts, vitamins. Apparently from this, nutritious value of a filbert is exclusively great. 400 g of kernels on caloric content are equal to a day food allowance of the adult person. Besides, the Crimean filberts are distinguished favourably to by a thin and strong shell, size, formai beauty of nuts.
The oil received from fruits of a filbert, finds wide application in the confectionery, canning, perfumery, pharmaceutical, printing, paint and varnish industries and in painting.
The filbert represents considerable value and as a temporary sealant among the main landing of the orekhagretsyoky. This culture can be applied independently with advantage both as the main nasazhyodeniye, and as impurity among other breeds in the woods of the Crimea.
The great value is represented by filbert wood – very easy, strong, white color with the reddish shade, shining and melkosloyny. It well burns, but heat gives the weak. Zatocenitsya as a material for preparation of coal which use when drawing.
In the Crimea there are no continuous plantings funduka. Usually bushes of this culture settle down in obsadka of garden plantings, on coast of the rivers, on balkam, on irrigating ditches, boundaries.
The geographic location of the Crimean peninsula, its various topography, proximity of the Black and Azov seas define a wide range of ecological factors which, in turn, make essential impact on growth and a crop of cultivated breeds.
Air temperature – one of many limiting factors who limits a filbert area. It is known that zones with annual average temperatures 12-16°C are optimum for growth of this culture.
Terms of flowering of a filbert depending on a place of their growth and meteorological uslovijizmenyayutsya in a wide range. So, if usually plants start to blossom on the Southern coast in February or the beginning of March, sometimes it occurs in December and January. This fact testifies that the period of independent rest at filbert plants very short and lasts no more than two months. Duration of flowering also depends on temperature conditions. At steady warm weather when average air temperature keeps in the afternoon in limits
+ 11-12z With, flowering (pyleniye) of man’s inflorescences occurs during
3-5 days, and female – 15. The plants of the filbert growing in places protected from a wind or on the southern well warmed up slopes, blossom earlier. It is noticed that in the conditions of the Southern coast of the Crimea decrease in air temperature during flowering of plants of a filbert below + 7ºS causes death of 50 % of a flower.
The majority of cultivated grades of a filbert vlagolyubivy. Therefore high productivity of plantings depends, first of all, on their security with moisture. During the vegetative period three-four waterings are necessary for it, and therefore at a choice of the land lots under filbert gardens it is necessary to give preference to valleys of the rivers and nadpoymenny terraces with a depth of ground waters not above meter from a soil surface, to other sites near water sources (lakes, ponds, channels, reservoirs) where without rather big expenses it is possible to bring water. It is dictated to that in the Crimea practically on all soils suitable under gardens, normal development of cultural plants at the expense of natural moistening is possible to a half of June. Further they need an irrigation.
The filbert is exacting not only to moisture, but also to fertility of the soil. In a steppe zone of the Crimea of a plant well grow and fructify on chernozems, dark-chestnut and chestnut soils, and in a foothill zone – on loamy and alluvial soils of river valleys, their clay and skeletirovanny versions. In a South careful zone reddish and yellow, brown and brown gornoyolesny soils at which dense pebble deposits are on depth not less than a meter from a surface are favorable for a filbert. Thus the capacity of a korneobitayemy layer should be not less than 35 cm, optimum it is considered–65-100 see.
Soil climatic conditions of the Crimea are rather favorable for development of industrial culture of a filbert. Cultivation of this valuable orekhoplodny culture possibly practically in all zones of the peninsula.
The soft climate of the Southern coast allows to cultivate here the fine grades checked by long-term practice and deserving the widest circulation. Them treat:
Badem. A bush sprawling, srednevetvisty, 2,5 m of height and to 4 m in diameter. Fruits – on 2-7 together, meet the single less often. The wrapper exceeds length of a nut twice. A nut of beautiful, 2,5 cm of length, a cylindrical form, flat, with a characteristic groove. A shell firm, in the basis light brown, from above gray, trimmed. A kernel of-51,73 % with a pinkish and yellow cover, tasty, sweet. Fat content of-65,03 %. Mass of a nut of 1,8-2,2 g. Nuts in August ripen. Productivity of-8 kg from a bush. It is exacting to moisture.
The Lombardsky white. A bush of silnovetvisty, 3-5 m in height and to 6 m in diameter. Fruits – on 2-3, to 8 pieces. The wrapper integral, tubular, in 1,5-2 times exceeds length of a nut. Nuts peaked, splusnuty. In the length 2,3 see. Shell thin, fragile, light brown. Kernel of-53,4 %, excellent taste. Fat content of-70,6 %. Mass of a nut of-1,8-2,2 g. Productivity of-5-8 kg from a bush. Nuts in the middle of August ripen. Grade good pollinator.
The Lombardsky red. It is very similar to the Lombardsky white. Differs coloring of a cover of a kernel, which at it wine-red color with violet hypostasis and a pale terracotta strip. Kernel of-53 %, excellent taste, fat content of-70,1 %. Mass of a nut of-1,8-2,1 g Productivity – 5-8 kg from a bush.
Furfulak. Bush silnorosly, sprawling. Fruits – on 2-5 pieces. The wrapper almost is twice longer than a nut, integral, fleshy. Nut round, big–2 cm of length. Shell firm, brown, brilliant. A kernel –
44 %, firm, good taste. Fat content of-60,4 %. Nuts ripen at the beginning of September.
Kerasund long. A bush of sprawling, 5-6 m of height and 6 m in diameter. Fruits – on 1-4, sometimes to 6 pieces. The wrapper integral, twice exceeds length of a nut. Nuts of a yaytsevidno-cone-shaped form, splusnuty, length 2 see. Shell thin, fragile, golden-brown color. Kernel of-50 %, excellent taste. Fat content of-67,79 %. Mass of a nut of-1,9 g. Productivity of-6 kg from a bush. Nuts ripen in the first decade of August.
In foothill areas of the peninsula, in its flat part, thermophilic grades of a filbert are quite often submitted to influence of returnable frosts, lasting not more than two days which repeat with various frequency in January and February that leads to sharp decrease or full death of a crop. Therefore in these areas it is expedient to use more winter-hardy grades deduced by the Ukrainian scientific research institute of forestry:
Ukraine 50. Sortsilnorosly, bush sprawling, height of 3,7 m and diameter of 5,2 m. Fruits – on 2-4 pieces. The wrapper in 1,5-2 times is longer than a nut. Nut roundish, beautiful, big–1,9 cm of length. Shell light brown, brilliant, average thickness. Kernel of-47,4 %, dense, excellent taste. Fat content of-62,9 %. Nuts ripen in the first decade of September. Productivity of-8 kg from a bush.
Fruitful 80. A bush with the compressed krone, height of 3,8 m. Fruits – on 3-8, sometimes to 22. The wrapper integral, in 2-2,5 times is longer than a nut. Nuts small, 1,6 cm of length, oval. Shell thin, brown or light brown. The kernel full, pleasant taste, contains 64,89 % of oil. Ripen in the second half of August. Productivity of-5-8 kg from a bush.
Grades of foreign selection:
Evgenia. Sortsilnorosly, a bush compressed. Fruits – on 2-4 pieces. The wrapper integral, is shorter or is equal to a nut. A nut long–2,2-2,5 see. Shell thin, fragile. Kernel of-57,5 %, dense, tasty. Fat content of-66,79 %. Productivity of-3,5 kg from a bush.
Bolviller’s miracle. Kustsilnorosly. The grade differs high winter hardiness. Fruits – on one, are more rare on 2-4. The wrapper is equal to a nut. Nut beautiful, zaostrenno-conic, 2-2,5 cm of length. Mass of a nut of-3,5 g. Shell light brown, strong. Kernel of-43 %, very tasty. Fat content of-61,7 %. Nuts ripen at the end of September.
S.Hokhlov, candidate of agricultural sciences.