In article it is noted that at cultivation of crops, the soil is gradually exhausted. To renew its fertility it is possible only an artificial way – application of fertilizers.
From history of development of the doctrine about a mineral food of plants
Fertilizers is in essence bread. To such conclusion the domestic agrochemical science on the basis of experiences in different natural zones of the CIS came.
The obtained data allowed scientists to draw a conclusion that in the soil the maintenance of mobile forms of nutrients decreases, it is gradually exhausted, loses the former fertility, to renew which probably only artificial way – application of fertilizers.
Artificial nutrition of plants gave the chance to farmers to grow up cultures for a long time on the same land lot which without application of fertilizers would be thrown long ago.
Mineral top dressing provided plants with enough of nutrients that in a combination to the correct agrotechnical receptions allows to pass to steady agriculture.
It is known that the law of decreasing fertility of the soil in the nature isn’t present. But if not to reckon with the valid laws of agriculture, only to take from the soil nutrients in the form of crops and nothing to give it in exchange, it is inevitable stolknyomsya with this negative factor. Therefore, the law of decreasing fertility exists not in the nature, and in practice of some careless heads of farms who neglect knowledge and the experience, the saved-up many generations, don’t use achievement of modern agrochemistry, don’t give due consideration to application of fertilizers, live only in the afternoon – their future doesn’t interest. Present tenants generally think only of momentary benefit and unreasonably expand crops of commercial culture – the sunflower, strongly exhausting the soil the excessive carrying out of nutrients and worsen its fytosanitory condition. As a result there is a violation of laws of agriculture, crop rotations are ignored, zone scientific and reasonable recommendations etc. aren’t used.
Already for anybody not a secret that if not to compensate taken out by crops from the soil nutrients by means of fertilizers, it will completely be exhausted sooner or later and will lose the former fertility. If natural landscapes have the closed cycle of biogene elements, in agronomical landscapes this cycle is broken because of their alienation with a crop. It leads over time to deterioration of grown-up crop production and agroecological conditions. Therefore creation of conditions for rational circulation of nutrients in agriculture, their positive balance became the most important problem of agrochemistry.
Now agrochemists consider as one of important problems of agricultural production maintenance in the soil of balance of nutrients in an equilibrium state.
In agricultural practice the wide circulation was received by system of application of fertilizers under plowing, preseeding cultivation, at crops in ryadka, and also in radical and extra root the top dressing, nutrients providing a plant throughout all vegetative period. A main objective of this system – ensuring sufficient balance of nutrients in the soil and uninterrupted supply of plants by them throughout vegetation. It is known that violation of balance of mineral substances in the soil inevitably leads to change of a chemical composition and decrease in intensity of passing of the vital processes in plants, to reduction of quantity of grown-up production and to crop deterioration.
To introduce in agricultural production new hybrids of corn it is possible, but only previously having provided them with a sufficient mineral food as many of them on not fertilized fields give rather low increases of a crop.
The system of fertilizer of corn includes a fertilizer set of methods – the optimum doses established by practical consideration, the best terms and ways of introduction of different types and forms of fertilizers, with reference to local soil climatic conditions, features of a crop rotation and groups of ripeness of hybrids.
Efficiency of fertilizers depends as on doses, structure and quality, and from a way and term of their introduction taking into account weather conditions. At sample application of fertilizers they can not give due effect on some sites.
Certainly, fertilizers, increasing productivity of grain of corn, at the same time effectively increase fertility of the soil, but it fully occurs only when them apply in a combination to other agrotechnical receptions. A number of the offers concerning questions of placement of fertilizers in a crop rotation, technicians of introduction of this or that fertilizer under separate hybrids, KIU increase from here follows from the fertilizers providing growth of efficiency of their application.
The crisis which has captured agrarian and industrial complex, this consequence of the numerous mistakes allowed in the course of carrying out an agrarian reform. One of main among them – smashing of large-scale collective farms on small, generally on very small farmer. Small farms because of deficiency of current assets unable to buy necessary amount of mineral fertilizers. Therefore in present conditions one of acute problems – their deficiency, and, as a result, the negative balance of the nutrients which has harmful affected gross collecting and quality of grain. Now for formation of a crop of a plant use the residual phosphates of the fertilizers which have been saved up in the soil the last decades. The lack of nitrogen of it is filled only partially mainly with a way of expansion of the areas of crops of the annual and long-term bean cultures used in quality sideratov and on a forage. In these conditions becomes obvious that the alternative of chemicalixation of agriculture isn’t present. It is necessary all efforts to direct on its restoration and improvement. However at an acute shortage of elements of a food of plants about 80 % of the Ukrainian fertilizers go for export that puts domestic producer in direct dependence from outwardly – economic conditions. Besides, the significant role was played by rise in prices for energy carriers and tariffs for transportations. The parity of the prices for industrial and agricultural output is broken. Therefore for domestic producers very important now expansion of domestic market that will make them less dependent on fluctuations of the world prices and will positively be reflected in agricultural industry.
Village KRAMAREV, main research associate of laboratory of agrochemistry and soil science of Institute of a grain farm of UAAN, doctor of agricultural sciences.