In article the condition of vegerable-growing branch in AR Crimea is shown today. Need of essential expansion of the range of vegetable cultures is noted.
UDC 635
Reforming of agrarian sector changed character of relations of production, provided a new level of responsibility for use natural, economic and a manpower on the village. Elimination of big collective farms and distribution of land among rural population small sites from 1 to 4 hectares without providing with material means became the main reason for the difficulties arising in agricultural industry. It is known that for effective work the tractor, the combine, mechanisms for application of fertilizers and care of plants, scientific justifications of a crop rotation, chemicals for fight against diseases of plants and weeds are necessary to the peasant. But only large-scale enterprises, having all this in the arsenal, can effectively work and receive the state help.
In comparison with 2005 the cultivated area under vegetable cultures in the Crimea for many reasons was reduced by 24 %, including under cabbage – on 31, tomatoes – 38 and root crops – to 30 %. Characteristics of vegetable growing are their high the capital – and a naukoyemkost. Also there is no other branch which in such degree would define nation health, allowing to increase in the shortest terms advantage of garden production in public and priusadebny sector. Consumption of vegetables on 1 person makes only 66 % from norm.
Not the secret that in the conditions of continuous decrease in purchasing power of the population in its consumer basket decreases a share of cattle-breeding production whereas the role of a self-sufficiency by vegetables and potatoes continuously increases. The similar situation introduces certain amendments in scientific subject of station of vegetable growing, putting in the forefront tasks of creation steady against a heat, wreckers and diseases of grades and the hybrids which fruits differ high flavoring qualities and esthetic properties, and also on development of energy saving technologies.
At the same time important place is allocated also for essential expansion of the range of vegetable cultures. From nearly 1000 types of vegetable plants in the Crimea the wide circulation was received only by about 20 of which share over 90 % of vegetable production are the share. Meanwhile there are great opportunities to improve consumption structure as at the expense of expansion of the range of vegetables, and terms of their receipt. The Crimea always was famous for the early garden production which is grown up on solar heating. Now these positions are lost, early production is delivered from abroad or other areas. The experimental station of vegetable growing offers a big set of plants and grades of vegetable cultures. Research associates of station study market condition of vegetable production, carry out the analysis on the basis of which form a database of the innovative production which has passed approbation for use by farmers. In a database of station are included: 3 grades of a tomato, 2 grades of a melon, 1 grade of a pumpkin, 3 grades of pepper of sweet, 3 grades of onions, 1 grade of carrots, 5 grades green (from them: parsley – 1, salad – 1 coriander – 1, spinach – 1, a basil – 1) and 5 grades of pryanovkusovy cultures. Under each grade we offer technology of cultivation, and also innovative production – the 4th energy saving production technologies of seeds and some technologies and agroreceptions on receiving early production in the protected and open soil at decrease in energy consumption. Today 26 grades are included in the State register of grades of Ukraine.
In the Crimea are annually allowed to production of ten new foreign grades and hybrids. Therefore the most important task of seed-growing firms – the guaranteed deliveries of high-quality seeds of widely demanded grades.
As to production of high-quality hybrid seeds, it demands big additional material inputs on ensuring spatial isolation of parental lines, their crossing. To realize a considerable part (to 50-60 %) it is possible to potential productivity of hybrids of F1 only on a high agrotechnical background, i.e. at introduction of big doses of mineral fertilizers, application of a necessary set of pesticides.
Taking into account the aforesaid it is necessary to consider a question of prospects of use of grades populations. When the scientific institution can’t provide necessary scales and rates of receiving hybrids of the corresponding cultures and furthermore has no material resources for production of high-quality hybrid seeds, neglect still with not settled possibilities of high-quality selection including perekrestnoopylyayushhixsya cultures, it is unjustified in scientific, especially, on the practical level. It is obvious that it is better to have seeds of high-quality grades populations, than doubtful hybrids.
Around the world more and more attention it is given to ecological stability of a crop of grades populations and the mixed crops. Therefore prospects of use of grades populations, synthetic multipleline grades, also as well as the mixed crops are exclusively great.
Seed-growing work in the Crimea should concentrate at the specialized enterprises having passports on the right of production and realization of seeds, under control of research establishments that guarantees preservation of biological and economic signs of grades and hybrids, compliance to standards on seeds, to their high-quality qualities. Unfortunately, in the Crimea of establishments on seed farming of the vegetables meeting the above-stated requirements, except the Crimean experimental station of vegetable growing, no.
It is necessary to direct efforts to expansion of the seed-growing areas of such cultures as carrots, onions, a beet a dining room, parsley, a parsnip, cabbage belokachanny, a melon. Need of moving to the Crimea considerable part of the seed-growing areas of the specified cultures is caused by possibility of cultivation of seeds in the bezvysadochny way that essentially reduces product cost. Now the station offers farmers and other innovative production.
Today the farmer-vegetable grower in connection with limitation of free time has no time to trace the situations developing in the world and domestic markets of vegetable production. Our mentality costs on razdorozhe, on a consulting roadside: scientists aren’t able to realize knowledge into the goods, and farmers got used to take information free of charge. Here Ukrainian borders doradnictva are restrained. The exit from a difficult condition can be found, having become on an economy position. To increase efficiency of vegetable growing to world level it is possible only at an investment of investments. Competitiveness of vegetable growing comes at an investment of 1,5-3,0 thousand dollars USA on hectare that gives the chance to get a drop irrigation, to use new grades and hybrids, to apply mineral fertilizers and ways of protection of plants, to increase productivity in 2-3 times at prime cost reduction.
V.I.Nemtinov, the deputy director on scientific work of the Crimean experimental station of vegetable growing KIAPP of UAAN, the doctor of agricultural sciences.