Article is devoted to construction of rooms for animals. In it it is said that they should meet the established sanitary-and-hygienic requirements corresponding to a look, age, a way of their contents and the cultivation purposes. Rooms should be warm and light, with the good ventilation, convenient for placement of animals and to care of them.
Article is intended for heads and experts of agricultural formations of various form of ownership.
You will sometimes come to somebody into a cowshed, you will look at dirt, disorder and you think: why you torment animals
You will sometimes come to somebody into a cowshed, you will look at dirt, disorder and you think: why you torment animals?! Also take offense that cows give not enough milk … You want a lot of fat milk which only the healthy cow can give, construct first of all a good room.
Rooms which contain animals, should meet the established sanitary-and-hygienic requirements corresponding to a look, age, a way of their contents and the cultivation purposes. Rooms should be warm and light, with the good ventilation, convenient for placement of animals and care of them. The Animal Farm needs to be placed alee in relation to inhabited constructions, below them on a land relief, at distance not less than 20 m (a fire-prevention gap). From South side of a room arrange a vygulny platform, proceeding from norms on one animal: to cattle adult 8-15 sq.m; to young growth – 10 sq.m; to calfs – 5 sq.m. For manure storage the place is taken away below on a land relief and alee in relation to a room for animals. The soil under constructions should be vlagopronitsayemy, it is better sandy or sandy, with a zaleganiye of ground waters 1 m from a surface isn’t closer. The bias of a site shouldn’t exceed 5 degrees, it is desirable in the southern or southeast direction.
For construction of rooms use construction materials with good heat-shielding properties, strong and durable, made of local raw materials.
The base – an underground part, is a support for all bearing designs of a room. The base from a stone or concrete blocks zaglublyayut on 50-70 cm, and on clay and freezing-through soil – below promerzaniye level. Acting over a soil surface a part of the base call a socle which should be height 20-60 see. From above on a socle put 1-2 layers of roofing felt or roofing material to isolate walls from moisture. For base and socle protection from atmospheric moisture on external perimeter of a socle do of fat clay an otmostka in width of 70 cm, thickness of 15-20 cm, towering at a socle on 15-20 see.
Walls do low-heatcarried out (30-45 % of heatlosses of a room are the share of their share) on a surface moisture didn’t accumulate and they didn’t freeze through. To do them it is possible from a brick, a tree, shlakobetona, a butovy stone and other local materials (an adobe, kamyshita etc.) taking into account climatic features. From the interior of a wall level and bleach, with external – warm.
The ceiling influences on temperature vlazhnostnyj a mode of rooms. It arrange in zones where the temperature happens in the winter below – 250S. Do it of boards, solomitovy and kamyshitovy plates, spin from brushwood. If necessary from below plaster and bleach, and from above warm, consistently imposing a layer from liquid clay in thickness of 2 cm, a heater (sawdust) – a layer of 10-15 cm and a fire-prevention layer (earth) – 5 see.
The roof should be water-proof, strong, easy, safe in the fire relation. To protect walls from an atmospheric precipitation, a roof take out for their external surface not less than on 20 see.
Floors influence a sanitary-and-hygienic condition and a microclimate of placements, on health, purity of animals, efficiency and quality of production. They should be warm, strong, water-proof, nonslipping, convenient for cleaning and disinfection. Do them of a tree, a brick, asphalt, the concrete, the stamped clay, synthetic and other materials. For cattle it is better to do floors brick or of boards. Under floors there should not be emptiness where could stand swill and accumulate harmful gases. Under a floor it is necessary to put a heater in the form of slag, a hollow brick, etc. and to lift a floor over soil level on 15-20 see Paul should have a bias to a zhizhestochny tray 1,5-2,00 (i.e. 1,5-2,0 cm on 100 cm).
Doors put from the southeast party. They should be dense, with warming, single-door or two-folding. Height of doors of 1,7-1,9 m, width of 0,8-1,0 m. Windows provide light climate indoors, necessary for functioning of an organism of an animal. Better than a window double, at height of 1,3-1,5 m from a floor, opening, on the same wall, as a door (drafts are eliminated). The following ratio of the area of a window and a floor (light factor) is accepted: 1:12-16. The sewerage don’t do, if the constant laying is used. The sewerage consists of a tray, a by-pass pipe and a zhizhesbornik. The size of a zhizhesbornik should be such that it was filled not earlier, than in a month. Animals allocate per day urine (l): cows – 20; netel – 7; young growth – 4; calfs – 2. For the device of the sewerage materials water-proof and steady against rotting are used.
Ventilation promotes removal from an air room in which the water vapor, harmful gases, a dust, microorganisms collects. It is noticed: in rooms without ventilation yields of milk at cows decrease for 18 %; incidence and a withdrawal of animals increase; their reproductive functions decrease.
For the device of forced-air and exhaust system of ventilation over a place where swill accumulates, it is necessary to make exhaust mine, having equipped it with the adjusting valve or a latch, and from above do a canopy. The section of mine should be in rooms for the maintenance of cows and netel – 250-300 cm2; calfs – 40-100 cm2. Channels do to Pritochnye by section 20×20 or 20×10 cm at level of the upper edge of windows. Them supply indoors with lateral guards and the being closed valve with a chopped guard thanks to what arriving air goes up where mixes up with warm air and it is warmed up. Outside it is necessary to cover the channel with a protective peak which will interfere with intake of cold air under a pressure in a room. The total area of section of stitched channels should make 70 % from the area of the exhaust.
(On newspaper materials To Fermerska a hospodariate).