About the harm caused by last dusty storm, it is told in article.
Authors give results of inspection of the damaged fields, make recommendations about current situation improvement, tell about organizational and economic and agrotechnical actions for fight against dusty storms.
OVERCOMING of NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES of DUSTY STORMS IN AR CRIMEA AGRICULTURE
The strong wind which has been carried by with a speed of 20-40 m/s, over the territory of the Crimea on March 23-24, 2007, again reminded us of existence of dusty storms. During dusty storms crops of crops suffer from blowing of plants, a zasekaniye of stalks and leaves a fine earth, a zasypaniye their dust therefore their productivity sharply decreases. The biggest harm from dusty storms – the lost fertility of the soil which it is almost impossible to restore. The damage rate of crops depends on humidity and a raspylennost of the top layer of earth, speed of a wind, existence of system of wood strips, height and density of herbage.
Inspection of the damaged fields showed that most crops of early summer cultures (flax, mustard, summer barley and oats) underwent blowing. Young plants didn’t manage to develop and be fixed adequately yet in the soil. The crops rolled by smooth skating rinks, suffered from blowing more strongly.
On the insignificant area (300 hectares) damage of crops of winter crops, generally on open fields and where crops were carried out to late terms and with small seal of seeds is noted. At such plants communication with the soil remains only several primary backs. At flaws of a plant rise over the earth, are extended in the direction of an air stream, the last backs and stalks as a result come off carries away together with a fine earth. After the storm termination the majority of plants lies on the earth, thus the kushcheniye knot with all secondary backs is over the earth.
It is established that viability of the plants which have undergone blowing, completely depends on further weather conditions. In the absence of a precipitation they can be lost from a strong siccation of the top layer of earth and a lack of moisture. In comparison with the intact plants, they lag behind in growth and development, give a smaller crop.
In the presence of rains and lack of dry winds of a plant form new stalks, on their escapes there are leaves. In such conditions backlog in growth and development of the damaged plants from intact the insignificant.
Crops of summer cultures with naked root system (under condition of preservation of optimum density) for strengthening of contact to the soil it is necessary prikatat. The most effective tool for a prikatyvaniye is annulate skating rink ZKK-6 at which work, except strengthening of contact of root system with the soil, there is a prisypaniye of roots. The effect from a prikatyvaniye summer will be in case contact to the soil has not less than 2/3 root systems. To carry out a prikatyvaniye it is necessary as soon as possible an exit in the field to avoid drying of the top layer of earth. Partially damaged crops expediently podseyat (if their density not less than 150 pieces/sq.m), and strongly izrezhenny (less than 150 pieces/sq.m) – pereseyat without preseeding cultivation, for the purpose of moisture preservation in the soil and for fast emergence of shoots after last rains sufficient stocks of moisture in top sowing and in a meter layer of earth give the chance pereseyat fields early summer cultures, such as summer barley, oats, nut, mustard or later – sunflower, a sorghum, on an irrigation – corn.
For fight against dusty storms there are organizational and economic and agrotechnical methods.
The organizational and economic solve a problem of dusty storms by use of wood strips. Windbreak wood fields are the integral element of the high standard of farming, make positive impact on a microclimate of the adjacent territory, create conditions at which the crop of crops considerably increases. This method the most effective in fight against dusty storms. For today the problem of dusty storms most sharply became in areas with low level of an oblesyonnost of an arable land.
Single wood strips detain soil demolition at distance of 25-30 their multiple heights. In the presence of system of wood strips range of protective action reaches 45-100 their multiple heights. It is established that for complete protection of crops from dusty storms in the conditions of the Crimea it is necessary to have an oblesyonnost within 4-4,5 % from the arable land area.
It is necessary to refer the actions directed on improvement of physical properties of the soil, accumulation and moisture preservation to agrotechnical measures of fight against dusty storms. The timely sowing which has been carried out to a short time – one of receptions of fight against dusty storms on crops of winter and summer crops. At late crops of loss of the soil from blowing come nearer to losses of steam fields that speaks the big period of finding of the soil without a vegetative cover. It is necessary to refer to effective soil-protective actions also superficial processing of the soil with leaving in the field of an eddish and the pozhnivny remains
The damage which is put with a dusty storm, isn’t limited year of its manifestation. As a result of blowing of the top five-centimetric layer (11-16 t of a humus, 150-350 kg of gross nitrogen, 120 kg of gross phosphorus and about 2 t of gross potassium from each hectare of an arable land) for many years decrease productivity and quality of grain. Huge material expenses are necessary for restoration of the lost fertility of the soil at intensive restoration of fertility and many tens years at natural restoration.
For effective opposition to dusty storms it is necessary most to pay attention seriously to reconstruction and creation of new wood strips and more widely to introduce soil-protective energy saving system of agriculture.