Indicators by which it is necessary to be guided at definition of terms of crops of winter grain crops are given in this article.
TERMS of CROPS of the WINTER GRAIN
The zealous farmer has for today a soil under crops of the winter is prepared, mineral fertilizers for priposevny introduction are bought, seeds are cleared, otkalibrovany, they needed to be pickled only.
Things are easy – to decide on sowing terms, norms of seeding and depth of seal of seeds. Crops – one of important receptions in technology of cultivation winter grain. Such important indicators as density of productive plants on hectare, existence of high-grade ears, amount of grains in an ear and their weight i.e. directly depends on it future crop and its quality substantially depend on terms of its carrying out and quality of seeding, straightforwardness and uniformity of distribution of seeds in a ryadka and on depth.
Weather climatic conditions, and according to domestic and foreign scientists change, they cause more considerable fluctuations in productivity grain, than various types of soils. We feel a global drowning of climate and in our region. It forces to reconsider technologies of cultivation of crops, and first of all, terms of sowing of the winter grain.
Change not only growth conditions, together with high-quality structure. New grades differ from earlier zoned by many biological and economic signs (length of the vegetative period, a kustistost, winter hardiness etc.).
Professor P. I.Bogdan in 20-30 years of last century for our region recommended sowing terms on September 10 – on October 10. Earlier to begin crops in northern areas, later in central and foothill. In 50-60 years I.V.Homenko was engaged in terms of sowing. By its recommendations were guided long enough: optimum terms of sowing of winter wheat on October 1-10 and admissible till October 20. Sowing terms for winter barley have still bigger value, sow it during the reduced period – 5-7 days, in the middle of optimum terms for winter wheat.
At definition of terms of crops it is necessary to be guided by such indicators: 1) meteorological, i.e. specific conditions of weather of the current year; 2) the traditional – a know-how; 3) these sciences based on carrying out scientific experiences; 4) the fytosanitory condition – is provided crops in terms excluding mass defeat of plants by wreckers and diseases; 5) specific features of each concrete grade. Among all other it is necessary to consider still and degree of readiness of the soil to crops. For definition of term of sowing it is necessary to use set of these of all indicators.
According to a number of scientists and practicians at this stage it is necessary to sow winter in optimum and admissible late terms of sowing. On early terms of sowing, and in separate years, partially, and influence affects the optimum of superfluous heat. The earlier are sowed winter, especially in the presence of moisture, the more they take out nitrogen from the soil, forming excessive vegetative weight and less it remains for formation of high-quality grain the next year. At late terms of sowing the remained nitrogen provides growth of the maintenance of a gluten in grain. Early crops under favorable conditions of growth and development up the time of approach of low temperatures stadiyno grow old and have smaller resilience to low temperatures during the winter period in comparison with "younger" crops. In the conditions of cold long spring also crops of optimum and late term of sowing in comparison with the early better feel. The outgrown plants of early terms of crops considerably are damaged by the Giessen and Swedish flies, lozhnoprovolochnik, the ground beetle, diseases – including and virus. Absolutely not best of all there are conditions for early crops at crops to absolutely dry soil as the part of grain loses vsxozhest and up the time of emergence of moisture izrezhenny crops turn out.
Across the Crimea everywhere passed rains, according to Klepinino’s meteorological station for September 14 it is had – 52 mm.
It is necessary, time remained before crops, most to use for soil preparation. There are favorable conditions not only for its cutting to a melkokomkovaty condition, and and for fight against weed vegetation and a padalitsa on not steam predecessors.
At sufficient vlagozapasax a sowing and arable layer the main criterion for definition of the beginning of sowing is daily average air temperature for the last 20 days – 15-160C, and temperature on depth of seal of seeds 10-120C. To begin crops in these conditions it is recommended on not steam predecessors, and then on pairs.
If was considered earlier that not less than four escapes should develop in the autumn period of vegetation, now according to many scientists and practicians this number decreased to two. In extremely late terms it is supposed to receive shoots before frosts and the termination of autumn vegetation. In warm winters which happen in recent years even more often, vegetation winter renews one-two, and sometimes three times. Late crops in such conditions slowly vegetiruyut, safely winter and finally yield a harvest much above than the summer grain. After all under our conditions summer barley, almost annually, forms a crop below winter, even poseyanny in extremely late terms.
In our experiences (data 2006-2007 gg) productivity of winter wheat at crops 10.10, 15.10 and 24.10 fluctuated 28,1-32,6 c/hectares, winter barley at the same terms of sowing of 31,0-38,0 c/hectares. At crops on November 10 a crop received authentically low, winter wheat 22,1 and winter barley of 24,8 c/hectares.
As to grades. That are less sensitive, as to early and late terms of sowing of a grade Odessa 267, Lyubava, the Albatross Odessa, Povaga, Victoria the Odessa, Kherson bezosty.
Grades of intensive type: Kiriya, Lyon, Lel, the Outpost Odessa, Dalnitsky, Kuyalnik it is desirable to sow in the middle of optimum terms.
The respective square of a food at which they will have enough of moisture and nutrients for germination of seeds is necessary for normal growth and development of plants, and in the future will create herbage capable to provide a big crop and to be competitive in relation to weed plants.
The crop decreases both at izrezhenny, and at zagushchenny the steblesty. On izrezhenny crops productivity decreases as a result of incomplete use of the area of a food and a bigger contamination of crops. At small norms of seeding and at a strong kushcheniye, but at a lack of moisture and nutrients possibly formation of a large number of a bringing, and it means underdeveloped ears with underdeveloped grain.
On zagushchenny crops at insufficient illumination, the part of escapes dies off, development of plants is slowed down, they are extended in growth, are inclined to drowning, are more strongly damaged by diseases, wreckers. The norm of seeding, the respectively food less than an area is higher the general efficiency of separate plants and their survival rate by the time of cleaning, therefore, decreases. The unreasonable increase in norms of seeding reduces potential efficiency of cereals.
Therefore, efficiency winter grain the highest at optimum norm of seeding, and optimum norm is formed taking into account specific climatic conditions, fertility of soils, predecessors, fertilizers, biological properties of a grade and crops terms.
On fertile soils, on the best predecessors, and in optimum terms of sowing, norm of seeding reduce. The grades, differing the raised kustistost also recommends to sow the reduced norm.
On the worst predecessors on heavy soils, (light brown, solonetzic), at delay with sowing terms norm of seeding increase.
Depending on above-mentioned rules the norm of seeding of winter wheat is established from 4,0 to 6 million, for winter barley of 3,5-4,5 million vskhozhy grains on hectare. It is necessary to note that at the high standard of farming the lowered norms of seeding take place, at low (non-compliance with recommendations about the main processing of the soil, preseeding, to level of fertility, terms and quality of crops etc.) reduction of norms of seeding can lead to crops izrezhivaniye.
Well-known that at crops there are no trifles. Depth of seal has not smaller value, than term of sowing and norm of seeding. In practice it was necessary to observe sickly weak crops winter on carefully cut field, poseyanny in optimum terms, but with deep seal of seeds. A rule – to close up seeds in a damp layer of earth it is necessary to observe, but limiting depth of seal of seeds of winter wheat of 6-8 cm, and winter barley – 4-6 see. Deep seal detains emergence of shoots and approach of a phase of a kushcheniye, reduces completeness of shoots of vyseyanny seeds. Small seal which serves as the reason of disjointed, izrezhenny shoots is undesirable also and the vymerzaniya, blowing of crops can cause subsequently.
It is necessary to correct depth of seal depending on the soil characteristic: on soils with the heavy mechanical structure, inclined to a zaplyvaniye and consolidation, depth of seal smaller – 4-5 cm, on the southern malogumusny chernozems, on chestnut soils standard – 6-7 see decrease depth of seal of seeds at crops after optimum terms and at crops by seeds with low absolute weight.
Weather conditions of year promoted formation of fine, puny grain of the winter grain. The mass of 1000 grains of melkosemyanny grades of winter barley makes 28-30 gr., krupnosemyanny 30-34 gr., winter wheat – 32-38 gr. It in details demands special attention to depth of seal of seeds in the conditions of this year seeds with mass of 1000 seeds to 30 gr.
Depth and uniformity of seal of seeds to the soil depends not only on quality of preparation of the soil, but also substantially, from adjustment, a technical condition and speed of movement of seyalochny units.
The correct selection of grades, along with a high agrotechnology, is pledge of receiving stably big crops, 2-4 grades of winter wheat and 2-3 barley, various groups of ripeness, will allow an economy to use their potentials most effectively.
L.Radchenko, manager. department of selection, primary and elite seed farming, K.Zhenchenko, senior research associate of laboratory of agriculture.