The technology of cultivation of a sorghum is given in this article. It is noted that this culture has important economic value.
A science – to landowners
Science – to landowners
The main source of the food for people and food supply for animals steadily there is a flora. As a result of agricultural activity the mankind receives 88 % of food, and, including animal husbandry production – 99 %.
Sorghum – culture of all-round use which possesses universal possibilities for use as food for the person, and a forage for all animal species. Besides, sorghum grain successfully process on the ethyl alcohol used as an additive to gasoline (bioethanol). From 1 ton of a sorghum it is possible to receive 330 l of ethanol.
Among grain crops of a sorghum takes the fifth place in the world on volume of production, following such cultures as wheat, rice, corn and barley. It grow up on the area of 50-60 million hectares. Over the last 50 years cultivated areas under a sorghum in the world increased by 60 %.
Now the sorghum is grown up more than in 85 countries of the world. His main producers are the USA (10,0 million tons), Nigeria (10,5 million tons), India (7,8 million tons), Mexico (5,5 million tons), Sudan (4,2 million tons), China (2,3 million tons), Argentina (2,2 million tons), Australia (2 million tons), Brazil (1,9 million tons), Burkina Faso (1,8 million tons).
In Ukraine cultivated areas of a sorghum for 2003-2006 varied from 22,9 to 43,6 thousand hectares, and gross collecting grain – from 24 thousand t to 65 thousand tons. Average productivity from 2003 to 2005 increased with 1,29 to 2,68 tons from hectare.
In the Autonomous Republic Crimea cultivated areas of a grain sorghum for the last five years were in limits from 1038 to 3743 hectares.
Gross collecting grain of a sorghum in the Crimea for the last five years varied in limits from 206,3 tons (2005 g) to 5773,0 tons (2004). Productivity also was various on years: in favorable 2004 average productivity on AR Crimea made 16,6 c/hectares, in 2003 and 2006 of 13,6 and 13,7 c/hectares respectively, and in adverse 2005 and 2007 only 4,1 and 6,6 c/hectares, respectively. The greatest average productivity of grain of a sorghum on areas for the last five years was received in 2006 in the Soviet area – 28,5 c/hectares.
The sorghum, in comparison with other cereals, is the most thermophilic and heat resisting culture. Seeds sprout at temperature 10-12C, and shoots and plants of later phases of development don’t maintain air temperature below 0 ˚ Page.
The sorghum well grows and develops at temperature 30-35 ˚ With, easily transfers a heat to 40˚S. It is one of the most heat resisting cultures – its transpiratsionny factor makes 150-200.
The sorghum belongs to kserofitam which don’t die off after a skashivaniye as other annual cereals, and 2-3 hay crops of a biomass provide.
In initial phases of development this culture grows slowly therefore to place it expediently on pure fields from weeds. Better than all sorghum to grow up after winter on grain, summer, corn on a silo, leguminous. After a sorghum the satisfactory crop is provided by summer grain and leguminous crops. At application of fertilizers and sorghum herbicides, without decrease in a crop, it is possible to grow up as a monoculture.
Considering that in the Crimea the droughty climate, all receptions on processing of the soil should be directed on moisture preservation. After cleaning of the predecessor a field husk or diskuyut on depth of 6-8 and 8-10 cm, depending on existence of the vegetative remains. The fields littered with korneotpryskovy weeds, husk cultivators KTS-10, KPE-3,8 on depth 12-14 see. The main processing of the soil is carried out on depth 25-30 see.
The sorghum well reacts to application of fertilizers. Under plowing introduce the main fertilizers at the rate of N60-90P60-90K30. Application of the same dose in the spring before crops (on depth of 10-12 cm) is effective. Good results are provided by introduction of 10 tons of manure under plowing and at N10 P10 crops locally in the spring.
In the spring processing of the soil includes an early-spring boronovaniye across or on a diagonal in relation to plowing by heavy harrows BZST-1, cultivation on depth of 8-10 cm and on 5-6 cm with simultaneous seal of herbicides. It provides appropriate preparation of the soil and high-quality seeding of seeds. In the conditions of droughty spring a field before crops prikatyvayut. Such agrotechnical reception promotes increase field vsxozhesti seeds and provides amicable emergence of shoots.
Crops begin at daily average temperature of the soil on depth of 10 cm 12-15 ˚ With which is necessary the end on April – the beginning of May. At sorghum cultivation on a green forage and a silo the range of terms of crops can change in limits from 30 to 40 days.
Optimum depth of seal of seeds – 4-5 see. Thanks to consolidation of a layer of the soil on depth of 4-6 cm seeds quickly sprout that as a whole provides necessary density of plants.
In the absence of moisture on the specified depth, seeds close up on 6-8 see. A way of crops at cultivation on grain and a silo shirokoryadny with row-spacings 70 see. Density of plants before cleaning on grain – 120-140 thousand/hectares, on a silo – 140-160 thousand/hectares. For obtaining the recommended preharvest density norm of seeding increase by 50-60 %.
On a green forage of a sorghum sow in the shirokoryadny dotted way with row-spacings of 45 cm and density of 0,5-0,75 million plants on hectare. Soil herbicides bring under preseeding cultivation, and insurance (derivative groups 2,4-D) – in a phase of 4-5 leaves.
Care of crops of a sorghum includes application of chemical and mechanical receptions of fight against weeds (a dovskhodovy and poslevskhodovy boronovaniye easy harrows in a phase 4-5 and 6-7 of leaves) at speed of movement of the unit of 4-5 km/h. Throughout vegetation carry out two interrow processings. The most widespread wrecker of a sorghum is the sheet cereal plant louse, for fight with which it is expedient to use insecticide BI-58 and peritroidy.
Grain sorghum clean a direct kombaynirovaniye at humidity below 20 %, at the increased humidity – separately. On a green forage mow (depending on use terms) in 7-10 days prior to the beginning of a vymetyvaniye of whisks. For receiving a high-quality silo of a sorghum clean in a phase of wax ripeness of grain.
Lake PERGAYEV, senior research associate of department of selection, primary and elite seed farming of the APP UAAN Crimean institute.