In article important economic value of a rape is noted. It use for production of the concentrated forages of cheap sideralny fertilizers, food oil and biofuel. The comparative characteristic of productivity of a rape in EU countries with productivity in Ukraine is given.
UDC
Important factor of growth of potential of agricultural industry is the most complete use of possibility of such culture, as a rape with which production of the concentrated forages, the cheapest sideralny fertilizers, food oil and biofuel is connected. Scientists of the Ukrainian academy of agrarian sciences thoroughly fulfilled the strategic directions of effective development of a rapsovodstvo, their scientific achievements by right take a powerful place in Ukraine and in the world.
That started to deal with of Minagropolitika Ukrainy eventually pressing problems of the mentioned branch is worthy. But in this regard scientists are disturbed that desire of the fastest building of the areas of crops of a winter rape without all biological features of growth and cultural development, agrochemical conditions of a zone of introduction, technology of cultivation it is possible to compromise matter in a germ. Nonprofessionalism led to that in separate areas for 40-50 % of the areas shoots and crops weren’t received were lost at early stages of development.
The draft of the development program of a rapsovodstvo till 2010 planned expansion of the areas under this culture to 3 million hectares, or 10 % of an arable land, and gross production is recommended to be finished to 5,5 million tons. The Ukrainian academy of agrarian sciences promotes development of bases of this program, but at the same time tries to warn against not weighed actions, from inconsiderate acts concerning placement and introduction of this culture.
World experience shows that the main leaders on production of rape seeds are the countries of incorporated Europe, China, Canada, India and Australia. In China the rape occupied 7,3 million hectares (5,3 % from total area of an arable land), and average productivity makes 1,7 t/hectares. In Canada – 4,6 million hectares (10 % from total area of an arable land), average productivity – 1,5 t/hectares. In Australia – 1,1 million hectares (2,2 %), productivity – 1,3 t/hectares. In India – 6,7 million hectares (3,95 %), productivity – 1 t/hectare. The areas of cultivation are concentrated in regions with a temperate climate and a vlagoobespechennost to level of 500-800 mm of a precipitation in a year.
The highest productivity of this culture is fixed in EU countries, it and is the main factor in advantage of a rape among olive cultures. So, in Germany under a rape about 12 % of an arable land are occupied, and average productivity makes 4,2 t/hectares. In France – 7 %, and average productivity – 3,5 t/hectares.
In Ukraine average productivity of a rape at level of 1,0-1,1 t/hectares. The reasons of such low productivity are covered not in absence of domestic technologies of cultivation and modern grades, and in biological features of a rape and weak material base of farms of Ukraine.
Among the grades of the plants suitable for distribution in Ukraine brought in the State register, 2/3 represent the grades created in scientific institutions of UAAN system (37 from 54 grades in 2005). Prevailing their majority meets modern requirements of quality and confirms high potential productivity in different climatic conditions of Ukraine. So, the winter rape of a grade of Atlant of selection of Institute of olive cultures of UAAN during cultivation in 2004-2005 in the Dnepropetrovsk, Kherson, Zaporozhye areas and AR Crimea yielded a harvest in 2,5-4,3 t/hectares, a maslichnost – 44-46 %. Such efficiency is at level of new hybrids of German firm to Lembka. The grade of Atlant doesn’t concede to hybrids and on quality indicators, the content of erukovy acid – 0 %, and glyukozinolatov 17-22 micromoths on gram (or to 2 %), but the price for seeds of the 1st reproduction at 7-10 time is lower, than foreign analogs.
At test in a base economy of JSC PP of "Uhlans" of Khmelnytsky of the area in 2005 a grade the Black Giant on the area of 100 hectares gave 3,6 t/hectares at a maslichnost of 43,5 %, the content of erukovy acid of 0,5 %, glyukozinolatov 25 micromoths on gram. From crops of a winter rape of a grade of Svetoch in area Khmelnytsky’s JSC Avangard on the area of 85 hectares received seeds of 5,5 t/hectares that more than from Votan’s grade on 0,8 tons from hectare.
To achieve realization of high potential of grades of a rape it is necessary to consider the main biological features of this culture.
Plants of a summer and winter rape are exacting to moisture, their transpiratsionny factor makes 400-500 mm. For receiving big crops level of a precipitation of 500-800 mm a year is optimum.
Besides, the rape belongs to cultures of intensive type. For formation of a crop of seeds of 2,5 t/hectares and straw of 2,0 t/hectares it is necessary: nitrogen of 7,5 kg/hectares, phosphorus of 40-50 kg/hectares, potassium – 22,5-27,5 kg/hectares.
Specialists of scientific institutions of UAAN system developed technologies of cultivation of a rape in different soil and climatic zones of Ukraine which are directed on moisture preservation, rational use of fertilizers with the maximum realization of biological potential of grades. But observance of all production requirements needs expenses at a rate of 1200-2000 úÓ¡./hectare which for this time the vast majority of farms can’t provide. Besides, in the majority of farms there is no necessary minimum of agricultural machinery for cultivation of this culture – seeders for melkosemenny cultures, units for alignment of the soil, etc. Such complex of equipment for carrying out sowing of a rape on the area about 200 hectares will cost to an economy 100-150 thousand UAH.
In National scientific center Institute of mechanization and electrification of agricultural industry UAAN were begun about 10 years ago researches on use of rape oil as an additive to oil diesel fuel for reduction of a share of use of oil diesel fuel.
In 2000, according to UAAN subject, researches concerning production and use of biodiesel fuel in agricultural industry of Ukraine are begun. The research equipment for production of biodiesel fuel was developed, made and mounted in a processing line. The carried-out researches on use of such fuel in diesel engines of agricultural machinery showed that during a warm time of year (to +10°S) it is possible to use it in pure form, and at decrease in temperature – mixes of biodiesel fuel and oil diesel fuel. It is necessary to notice also that biodiesel fuel without problems mixes up with diesel in any ratios and has no tendency to stratification.
The analysis of emissions of gases at equipment work on biodiesel fuel showed that in comparison with use of oil diesel fuel emissions of carbohydrates and nitrogen oxides – it is less respectively for 22,5 % and 14,6 %, and some carbon oxide – is higher for 29,5 %, but in the atmosphere its quantity doesn’t increase, as when using oil diesel fuel, and there is a part of CO which was consumed by olive culture during the growth.
Cost of biodiesel fuel for agricultural enterprises directly depends on prime cost of 1 t of seeds of the grown-up rape, or upon purchase – from market cost of seeds of a rape. Now market cost of a rape of seeds makes about 1 thousand UAH. From 3 t of seeds of a rape we will receive 1 t of oil and 2 t shrota which is a high-albuminous additive to compound feeds for animal husbandry. If to sell shrot even on 500 úÓ¡./t though its market cost reaches to 700 úÓ¡./t, prime cost of 1 t of oil will make 2 thousand úÓ¡./t.
Cost of additional expensive materials which are used by production of biodiesel fuel, makes about 500 UAH. on 1 ton of oil. The electric power, a salary and other production expenses when processing seeds of a rape on oil, and then on biodiesel fuel make about 500 UAH. for ton of biodiesel fuel. Having summed up the above-stated figures, we can draw a conclusion that cost of 1 ton of such fuel makes about 3 thousand UAH. Having considered increase in expenses it at work of agricultural machinery to 6 %, we can tell that cost of the biodiesel fuel equivalent to 1 ton of oil diesel fuel, makes about 3180 hryvnias. As we see, a difference essential, it is enough to look at the price list of any filling station.
In a number of the countries of European Union use biodiesel fuel not in pure form, and in mixes with oil, for example, in France add 5 % of biodiesel fuel, in Germany of-10 %
Therefore specialists of scientific institutions of UAAN system suggest to place a rape in zones with optimum moistening. In a forest-steppe zone – 10-12 % from total area. In the South and the southeast of Ukraine of 4-6 % of an arable land. A ratio of a winter and summer rape in the south – 60 and 40 % respectively. Total area to finish to 1,8-2,0 million hectares, and increase in gross collecting to carry out by an intensification of production of a rape – productivity increase with 1,1 to 2,8-3,0 tons from hectare.
It is obvious that time consistently came to develop a rapsovodstvo in Ukraine and to solve a question of production of biofuel on the scientific beginnings.
(On magazine materials Agrob_znes sogodn i).