The material acquaints the reader with work of the oldest gardening of skilled establishment of the Crimean experimental station of gardening of IS UAAN by which this year 95 years were executed.
The Crimean experimental station of gardening – 95 years
At a boundary of XIXI of the XX centuries gardening of the Crimea took a worthy place in the fruit market of the largest cities of Russia. By the beginning of the XX century the Crimean gardens occupied 7644 hectares, and fruit about 30 thousand tons were taken out from the peninsula. Under the certificate of historical sources, production of fruits was the most profitable occupation for the population of foothill and mountain zones of the Crimea where there was a possibility to grow up gardens on valleys of the rivers Alma, Kacha, Belbek, Salgir and others.
The question of need of creation in the Crimea gardening skilled establishment was put in 1893, and in two years on the southern suburb of Simferopol "Salgirk’s" state manor which took the first steps in increase of culture of the Crimean fruit growing by means of training of gardeners and statement of the first experiences with fruit crops was founded.
Progressive figures of that time took in creation of experimental station of gardening active part: N of N of Betling, A.Kh.Steven, S.A.Mokrzhetsky, V.E.Tairov, known fruit growers L.P.Simirenko, V. V. Pashkevich and N.I.Kichunov. More than twenty years that their ideas were realized on a national level were required: The State Duma passed the law on establishment in the Crimea experimental station of gardening. "Salgirka’s" official opening took place on May 1, 1913. Sources of its scientific activity had S.A.Mokrzhetsky heading station and an entomologichesky office, employees of a pomologichesky office I.L.Dadelyan, A.A.Nemirov, managing a microbiological office and others of the employees.
Progressive tense at station worked and directed it professor V.A.Kolesnikov – one of theorists of the Crimean fruit growing, professor Ya.V.Chugunin, N of Spivakovsky, A.P.Chefranov, V. M. Sergeenko and others. Close connection with station was supported by the prominent Russian fruit grower, the professor P. G. Shitt.
In 1925 with the assistance of scientists of fruit department of the Nikitsky botanical garden, the Crimean and Southern station of protection of plants the new program which provided differentiation of zones of activity Nikitsky botsada and Salgirsky station was developed. Mountain, foothill and steppe gardening and work with the semechkovy cultures occupying at that time 87 % for the area of the Crimean gardens was allocated for the last. Under the authority of NBS there were questions of development of fruit growing of the southern coast of the Crimea, in particular kostochkovy cultures.
In pre-war years scientific stations investigated influence of structure of the soil, fertilizers, various agrotechnical backgrounds on intensity of physiological developments of an apple-tree and a pear. The important place in work of station was allocated for creation of hybrid fund of an apple-tree and a pear, a sortoizucheniye and removal of new grades of wild strawberry and the raspberry, many other questions. During this period V.A.Kolesnikov (1926-1930gg directed S.L.Strelin’s station (1920-1925), scientific-pomolog.), scientist-fruit grower B.A.Grinenko.
For years of the Great Patriotic War fruit plantings on the area more than 3,6 thousand hectares completely were lost, and on the remained 16 thousand hectares they were in a depression. The considerable part of irrigating and drainage systems was put out of commission, the valuable equipment, scientific offices and laboratories is plundered.
Research and economic activity of station since 1945 renewed. With 1949 on 1955gg. station the scientist-fruit grower of M of N Matsedonsky, with 1955 on 1957gg directed. – selector A.G.Moustache.
In 1956 according to the decision of Council of ministers of USSR of station the pitomnikovodchesky state farm the "Fruit grower", one of the best farms of the Simferopol area is reported. On a new place selectors and sortovedy A.G.Moustache and A.T.Parfyonov (apple-tree) continued to work actively; A.F.Mileshko (pear); experts in protection of plants from wreckers and S. M. Galetenko, A.S.Krylov, R.I.Shashlykova’s diseases; V. M. Sergeenko, D. M. Shimanova, T.I.Podufaly’s agricultural technicians, OK Travina, Z.L.Sherstyukova; pitomnikovody A.N.Tatarinov, I.G.Borisenko; experts in yagodnik and A.I.Basova’s cornel, A.Z.Bylda; on storage and processing of fruits – E.I.Trebushenko
In the 60th years under the direction of A.G.Berezovsky heading station about 20 years, her scientists and experts headed for an intensification of agricultural production. G.A.Berezovsky became the initiator and the propagandist of intensive palmettny gardening in the Crimea, having published on this subject more than 20 scientific works. In 1964 on its initiative from Yalta the technical school of the southern cultures is translated and at the Crimean experimental station of gardening the state farm technical school (today – the Crimean agroindustrial college) is created.
Mass laying of gardens caused of creation of specialized institution on design of long-term plantings. And on the basis of station create institute on design of gardens and vineyards for Ukraine "Ukrgiprosad" who and develops today projects for farms of various forms of ownership.
In the seventies past century director of V-A station. Yakimov (1976-1986gg.), directed efforts of scientists of station to deepening of an intensification of gardening, maintenance of close business contacts to related scientific research establishments, with leading specialized farms of the Crimea. More than 7 thousand hectares of shpalerno-dwarfish and 21 thousand hectares of palmettny gardens thanks to which productivity of fruit crops essentially increased were put. From 1961 for 1975 the volume of production of fruits of semechkovy and kostochkovy cultures in the Crimea increased with 66 to 302 thousand tons, and by 1985 reached 355 thousand tons. To the middle of the 80th years the share of the gardens which are grown up on intensive technologies, averaged across the Crimea 48-50, and in specialized farms – 75-80 %.
Intensively began to develop and pitomnikovodchesky base: the volume of production of layers of vegetative made multiple copies stocks was finished to two million pieces, fruit saplings – to 0,5 million pieces. For the first time in the south of the country the production technology of saplings was developed by a way of a winter (desktop) inoculation (A.N.Tatarinov). In transition of gardening to an intensive way of development this technology promoted essential expansion of possibilities of nurseries of Ukraine in increase in production of a landing material. Subsequently the group of scientists-pitomnikovodov (I.M.Merezhko, V. V. Tankevich) allocated the most productive stocks and sorto-podvoyny combinations of an apple-tree and a pear, effective technologies and receptions of cultivation of fruit saplings are offered production.
Efforts of scientists-selectors of station (A.G.Moustache, A.F.Mileshko, A.T.Parfyonov, A.I.Basova, R. D. Babin, A.A.Lyapikhova), the sortiment of an apple-tree, a pear and wild strawberry replenished with new skoroplodny and high-yielding grades. In total more than 100 grades of an apple-tree, a pear and wild strawberry from which 10 grades of an apple-tree are included in the State Register of Ukraine, 10 – pears and 4 – wild strawberry are created.
Long-term and Z.L intense work. To Sherstyukova, M. S. Kuzmenko, L.B.Tankevich on working off of highly effective receptions of cultivation of an apple-tree and a pear allowed to recommend to production many technological decisions on increase of production efficiency of fruits in gardens of the Crimea.
In the list of the directions of scientific activity of station the important place was occupied always by questions of mechanization of labor-intensive processes in gardens. The package and container way of cleaning (Berenstein’s Nominative) which found wide application in conditions of production was developed for increase of efficiency of harvest works. Created by group of designers of laboratory of mechanization (F.A.Kartashev, A.R.Anikeev) the planimetric obrezchik allowed to lower essentially expenses of a hand labor at a scrap of fructifying palmettny gardens.
Thanks to development of staff of laboratory of storage and processing (E.I.Trebushenko, A.E.Untilova, N.N.Gorb) optimum modes of storage of many grades of an apple-tree and the pears raising their lezhkosposobnost and biochemical indicators were defined.
Along with questions of storage the staff of laboratory fulfills technologies of preparation of natural high-quality products of processing of fruits and berries. The technology of low-temperature freezing of berries of wild strawberry and raspberry, fruits of plum and other cultures is developed and introduced in production.
Increase of production efficiency of fruit crops is inseparably linked with application of new methods of preservation of trees and a crop, on what development of laboratory of protection of plants of station (L.E.Slavgorod, V.I.Kontrolevich, P.A.Ogirenko) went. Working off of the integrated system of the protection based on accurate definition of stages and phases of development, and also definition of thresholds of injuriousness of this or that look, allowed to recommend to production effective systems of pest control and diseases.
The Crimean experimental station of gardening – is today solid group of the adherents headed by A.I.Sotniky, working over increase of efficiency of gardening of the South of Ukraine.
50 people work on implementation of the thematic plan of researches, among which 15 research associates, from them 3 candidates of science. Scientific stations deduce new, study introdutsirovanny grades of an apple-tree, a pear and wild strawberry (R. D. Babin, E.I.Chernenko, Yu.M.Podshivalov, L.A.Gritsenko, P. G. Horuzhy) develop processing methods of creation of matochnik and production of a landing material (V. V. Tankevich, A.I.Sotnik, A.I.Popov), create and fulfill agrotechnical receptions of cultivation of modern fruit plantings of an apple-tree, a pear and storage of fruits (L.B.Tankevich, N.A.Babintsev, Z.I.Arifova). The program on development of a compounding and technologies of preparation of products of processing of fruit and berry raw materials (N.N.Gorb, A.E.Untilova) is successfully carried out.
Communication with prominent scientists of Institute of gardening of UAAN in which department there is a station, discussion of the current and long-term programs of researches on these or those topical issues promote increase of level of research work of collective.
Communication of station with gardeners is supported by means of carrying out seminars, scientific and practical conferences with the organization of exhibitions and tastings of fruits, performances in the press and on television. Carrying out Days of the gardener became traditional. Courses of aprobator with participation of representatives of pitomnikovodchesky farms of Ukraine, private producers of a landing material are annually run.
And even in difficult conditions of reforming of agrarian and industrial complex the staff of station keeps optimism and justifies the professional mission – to work for revival of former glory of the Crimean gardening.
A.Sotnik, the director of the Crimean experimental station of gardening of IS UAAN, R. Babin, the deputy director on scientific work, the manager of department of selection and an apple-tree and pear sortoizucheniye, the candidate of agricultural sciences, L.Tankevich, the head of department of technology of cultivation, storage and processing of fruits, the candidate of agricultural sciences.