Detailed consultation in which the gardener will find data on during what time as it is correct is published, without serious consequences for trees to do to a scrap in a garden.
When it is best of all to cut off trees? After a preyokrashcheniye of hard frosts and prior to the beginning of vegetation. An exception do only for the lianas, "crying" by juice at spring a scrap – aktinidiya, grapes. They should be cut off in the autumn, right after a leaf fall.
It is important to remember that autumn a scrap always oslablyaet trees, they have less than chances normally perezimovat. Besides, the amendments mice, hares can bring, a frost … And to consider all details it is possible only vesyony – and not earlier.
Starting to a scrap, it is necessary to understand accurately to itself its purpose which changes at each stage of life of a garden. So, in the first years after landing the main objective scraps – a foryomirovaniye of a skeleton of a tree or a bush therefore each mistake allowed thus, very much costs much.
When the main krone is created, it is necessary soxranit its form and to keep control the sizes onrastayushhix branches for what carry out supporting to a scrap.
From the beginning of fructification of a garden there comes a turn the scraps, regulating flowering and fructification. As the plant becomes more senior, the time and omolazhivayuyoshchy scraps comes.
Having understood the purpose scraps, it is necessary to choose a method it a vypolneyoniya: whether to shorten branches, thereby zagushchy krone obrasyotayushchy escapes, or to thin out krone, cutting out branches on a ring. Thus always it is necessary to remember that vyrezat a branch it is possible only as a last resort – when it already can’t neither be taken away in the necessary party, nor to change a nayoznacheniye, to stop its growth.
That scrap was successful, it was carried out quickly, it is dexterous and it is easy, without traumas, it is necessary to master its rational equipment. Besides, it is necessary to know and surely to consider sortoyovy features of growth and object fructification scraps. It is necessary to observe the main principle: in advance to be clear in the mind about consequences of j, htprb, at least in the next vegetative period. That is, cutting off derevo, it is necessary to know, how it will look in the autumn, at the end of a veyogetatsiya each escape how will grow from the left kidneys, how many kidneys evolved escape and as izmenitsya each left branch which is especially leading forms.
Before obrezky always it is necessary to examine a tree or a bush as a whole, to draw up the general plan, a course scraps (from the general to the particular); to allocate those branches or escapes which disturb, and, certainly, are superfluous. You should imagine mentally as the plant without them will look. And only after that can begin to a scrap. Having cleaned branches (having unbent, having truncated, having cut off), it is necessary to examine again a tree and to correct the general plan scraps.
Then it is necessary to examine the left branches, especially lidiyoruyushchy, to allocate superfluous escapes and to clean them. At last, it is necessary to examine escapes left and continuation escapes, predstavit to itself where and as the gain from each ostavyolenny kidney will grow, and to remove the kidneys located unsuccessfully.
And the last: try not to injure plants in period vegetation.
We pass to practice
The most important at a scrap – is equipment of a bezopasyonost who begins with a choice of tools. Rabotat follows only special, carefully podyogotovlenny (serviceable and sharp) instrumentami. Stupid, improper and furthermore the faulty tool it is possible to cripple only a tree or to injure itself.
From all variety of tools it is possible to manage only three types: vaccinating knife, secateurs and hacksaws. And it is possible to use secateurs instead of a knife, and on the contrary.
Thin branches cut out on a ring by means of a kopulirovochny knife which always should be more sharply than the razor. Izveyostno that are injured not sharp, but a blunt knife more often: than growing dull a knife, the bigger effort is required to those to it prilozhit, but movements thus will be less exact and upravlyaeyomy. Pay attention to very dangerous "innovation" in a design of knifes of the last releases: in them there is no platform with a notch for a thumb emphasis. Working with a tayoky "advanced" knife, no wonder to become a cripple. It is possible to eliminate this marriage independently, having made a place for a finger emphasis nonslipping (to make a metal notch to wind a knife with a wire or a black insulating tape made of cloth). For dliyotelny continuous work it is better to have some pronuyomerovanny knifes.
At cutting of branches on a ring the secateurs or a curve sadoyovy knife are better be not to using. Curve garden knifes are very difficult for sharpening, besides they are rebated at once, poskolku are made of soft steel. The secateurs even best, injure a bark in a place of an emphasis and always leave small penek. Therefore for truncation of escapes ispolzuyunsekator instead of a knife. Cutting edges of secateurs should densely, without lyufta, adjoin to each other. That the secateurs didn’t "chew" a branch, it it is necessary to have perpendicular to its axis. If the secateurs clamped a branch, don’t pull the tool on itself (in this case travma it is almost inevitable!), and two hands move apart its handles and release a branch.
Thick branches are necessary for cutting off a file hacksaw. Sleyoduyet to remember that than already the hacksaw and more small its teeths, that is more convenient to work with it and that cuts will be accurater. The best noyozhovka – narrow (2-4 cm), crescent, cutting "on itself". For cutting out in forks the mini-hacksaw with shiriyony cloths of 0,5-1,0 cm, length 10-12 is irreplaceable see. It can be made most of a nozhovochny cloth on metal. Such hacksaw daet the purest cuts.
The main safety regulation at a scrap: don’t put fingers, hands on a way of movement of the tool. This skill should become a habit and be carried out automatically!
At work as a knife wide movements are inadmissible. Movement of a knife should be local, limited and fine-molded. The maximum amplitude – within brush movement. But it is better to learn to work one fingers – it is professionalism top. Then the thumb serves as an emphasis (the edge always should go by it!), and the knife moves tolko other four fingers.
To facilitate cutting, it is necessary to remember that the compressed fibers are most difficultly cut, and it is most easier – rasyotyanuty. From here and rule: to cut always follows on rastyayonuty fibers and never – on compressed (in them a knife or pila are simply clamped). Therefore at a scrap it is necessary to bend a svoyobodny hand escapes at the basis and to cut rasyotyanuty fibers. It is universal and very effective reception by means of which it is possible with little effort vyrezat branches in thickness to 2 see. Thick are necessary for cutting. To do it it is necessary in two steps: at first at neyokotory distance from a place srezki to make spent on drink from below (for 1/3 – 1/2 thickness) and only then at a trunk from above vyrezat a branch at once on a ring. If to saw off a branch in one step, almost always there is the separation of a bark leaving not healing wound.
At cutting of branches on a ring (but only so always sleduet to cut out all branches and escapes) it is impossible to leave on stvole hemp, stumps. They badly and very long grow and weaken trees.
Shorten escapes, as a rule, a knife. And to make it (to cut off a branch over a kidney) professionally, using a knife – the whole art! Much more simply, more reliably and many times quicker to cut off escapes by secateurs, leaving short (1 – 2 cm) penechek over a kidney. And that absolutely isklyuchit escape growth in krone, it is necessary one fast movement, striking secateurs on inside pobega, vylushhit all superfluous kidneys.
So, once again we will emphasize: a scrap – the most last resort. Quicker, easier and cheaper in every respect – to carry out its prevention. After all it is much simpler vyshhipnut a kidney, than to cut out then the escape which has grown from it, and furthermore – a thick branch. Growth of escapes to regulate neyoslozhno. For this purpose follows prishhipyvat growth points once in two weeks. Especially it is important in the first 1 – 3 years after landing when skeletal branches of krone are put. Before the first obrezky a sapling it is desirable to survey and define tshchayotelno destiny of each kidney, their benefit on one – a biannual tree it is not enough. After all even the form of all future krone can depend on one left or vylushchenny kidney. For sleduyuyoshchy year it is necessary to survey so carefully each evolved escape and kidneys on it is mute (if necessary obrezat and vylushhit all superfluous). It is necessary to give the main attention to escapes of continuation of the main skeletal branches, without allowing formation of forks or an otkhozhdeniye of branches at an acute angle. Plum as at it on the ends of escapes it is put up to three kidneys and if two of them not to remove is especially inclined to it, the narrow fork is formed.
(On Ogorodnik magazine materials).