In article are opened on the basis of development of a science and experience of agricultural enterprises of possibility of Ukraine in development of local types of the fuel, capable to replace natural gas.
In Ukraine there are possibilities for replacement of natural gas with local types of fuel. The big reserve has use of a biomass, straw, the pozhnivny remains and biogas with its further use for receiving heat and the electric power. Biogas for obtaining cheap energy on value takes the second place after burning of a firm biomass. Experts say that after 2010 it is necessary to wait for surge in its production from manure and methane production on dumps of a household waste. And till 2030 total use of this biofuel can reach 10,2 Tvt.
Technology of receiving
Irrespective of installation capacity, a principle of formation of biogas one – manure fermentation owing to what receive gas methane. Technology quite simple. Manure collects in storage, and then moves in the reactor (a biogas fermenter or metantenk). For several days the biomass in the reactor wanders at high temperature (optimum it is considered 38-40 degrees of heat) without air access.
There are two schemes of fermentation – continuous and periodic. At continuous a substratum load into the reactor instead of weight, which otbrodila. Do it several times per day or continuously, or through certain time. The greatest intensity of liberation of gas falls on the period when in metantenk add so much substratum, how many previously went wrong. For the maximum return it is necessary to support constant quantity of a "fresh" biomass.
At the periodic scheme two chambers for fermentation which load serially are necessary. Then a product which just arrived, mix with the remains previous, which perebrodil. At such scheme gas starts to be developed in 5-10 days of fermentation. Its quantity at first increases, and then goes on recession. Thus it is necessary more stocks of a biomass and twice more chambers for fermentation. Installations of periodic action use, generally on small farms where about 1 tons of manure in days are developed. On averages and large-scale farms use installations of continuous action.
The amount of gas which is developed, considerably depends on temperature: the more warmly, the speed and degree of a fermentation of organic raw materials is higher. And productivity of biogas installation depends not only on a type of raw materials, and and from volume of weight which is processed. Therefore, from the economic point of view, at a choice of installation it is necessary to mean that the considerable part of its cost is the price not the reactor, and accessories (shutoff valves, pumps, gas-holders, etc.). And they mainly import. Therefore leaves that the more the reactor, the specific weight of an import in installation is less. And, as the result – prime cost of biogas also is less.
Reference
Biomass – organic substances of a vegetative and animal origin which comprise carbon. In particular, a tree, straw, the pozhnivny remains, manure, an organic part of a firm household waste, sometimes – peat. Today this fourth fuel on value in the world which gives about 2 billion tons of conditional fuel (u.p.) energy in a year that makes about 14 % of the general consumption of primary energy carriers in the world (in the countries which develop – over 30 %, sometimes – 50-80 %).
Biogas – is a mix of gases. Its main components: methane (CH4) – 55-70 % and carbon dioxide (CO2) – 28-43 %, and also in small quantity other gases. For example, hydrogen sulfide (H2S). On the average 1 kg of organic substance which is biologically displayed for 70 %, comprises 0,18 kg of methane, 0,32 kg of carbon dioxide, 0,2 kg of water and 0,3 kg of the rest which didn’t go wrong.
Requirements to raw materials
Manure should be suitable for development of bacteria, comprise biological and organic substances which decay, and a large amount of water (90-94 %). It is desirable, that the raw materials didn’t contain substances which brake development of bacteria.
The most active in an average zone therefore contents of the reactor are necessary to mix periodically at least time per day, it is desirable for a bacterium – to six times. Hashing can be mechanical, hydraulic (recirculation under the influence of the pump), under the pressure of pneumatic system (partial recirculation of biogas) or by means of different methods of self-hashing.
It is the general scheme of requirements to raw materials. If, for example, to take big svinofermu, there will be features. The daily gain of a pig is measured by hundred grams, and manure is developed – 5-8 kgs. The modern pig factory farm where the account of a livestock goes on tens of thousands, develops a manure large quantity. And it here – another. A laying on such complexes don’t use. Pus wash away water. Concentration of solid sharply decreases – to several percent from lump. And as to be? Experts speak: for processing in biogas it is necessary to prepare manure at the expense of addition of straw, the pozhnivny remains, a waste of processing grain, etc. On ptitsekompleks in raw materials it is necessary to add water. Better, certainly, with the content of substances which "are pleasant" to bacteria.
Biogas – a productivity source
The fermentation of manure passes in anaerobny (oxygen-free) conditions at temperature 30-55°C (optimum – 40°S). The period of a fermentation which "treats" manure for seeds of weeds, intestinal parasites, makes not less than 12 days. But in a product completely there is a nitrogen and phosphorus. The mass of manure practically doesn’t change if not to consider water which evaporates and passes to biogas. The organic substance of manure decays for 30-40 %.
Thanks to allocation of methane and carbon dioxide optimizuetsya the relation With/N. The part of ammoniac nitrogen increases. Acid reaction of organic fertilizer which turns out – rn 7,2-7,8. All this does such fertilizer especially valuable to sour soils. Compared with fertilizers which do of manure in the usual way, productivity from a product which perebrodil, increases by 10-15 %. As a rule, manure processing without a laying from 10 heads of KRS gives the chance to receive in days about 20 m3biogaza, from 10 pigs – 1-3 m3, from sheep – 1-1,2 m3, from girlfriends – 04,-0,6 m3. The ton of straw gives 300 m3biogaza, ton of a household waste – 130 m3. Figures – more, than convincing…
Domestic steps to development of production of biogas
The first attempts of creation of biogas installations belong to the 50th year of the last century, the second – to the end of the 80th – to the beginning of the 90th. And for the first time, and in the second through a big difference in prime cost of natural and synthetic products (biogas left five times more expensive), works further prototypes didn’t move ahead.
However, in Ukraine, after all, prototypes tried to "introduce" in production. In particular, on an integrated poultry farm "Kiev" installation with volume of the reactor 1,5 of m3 which gave the chance to receive from processing of a chicken dung 60 m3 gases per day was built. In state farm "Russia" (the Zolotonosky area, the Cherkassk area) some time installation which practically was the converted clearing construction worked. It had volume of the reactor 170 of m3 and developed from pork manure 200 of m3 of gas per day. The state test successfully there passed installation of the mentioned institute in the settlement the Comb of Kiev region at all-union scientific research institute of dairy animal husbandry (now UKRTsVT) which served in parallel as a strong point of the Zaporozhye institute. Ukraine has huge potential for use of installations (table 1). After all manure still there is enough (table 2).
Experience of neighbors
The Ekoros center, with support of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia within a state program Non-polluting power designed two biogas installations. The first of them – "IBGU-1" – is intended for the country estate. Installation processes all organic waste of animals and a bird (5-6 cows, either 50-60 pigs, or 500-600 hens), and also sewer liquid and a household firm waste. The modular principle which is put in a design, gives the chance to increase if necessary allocation of steam to (increase) installation, respectively increasing capacity. Gas which turns out in the bioreactor, is used in a life how also the natural.
Technical and operational characteristics "IBGU-1": the daily volume of raw materials can be from 50 to 200 kg at humidity not less than 85 % and no more than 93 %, daily volume of biogas which is allocated, depending on raw materials volume, 45-35 % of carbon dioxide and total absence of hydrogen sulfide fluctuate from 3 to 12 m3 with the maintenance of 55-60 % of methane. The bioreactor-metantenk in volume 2,2 m3, a gas-holder of wet type in volume 3 m3, a ladder platform, a ladle cart are switched on in a set of installation, tal, a tank for fertilizer storage.
Modular principle which gives the chance to increase consistently productivity, it is put and in a BIOEN-1 installation design – the first Russian farmer mini-thermal power plant. Each module is calculated on manure from 25-30 cows, provides full independence of the centralized electroproviding and covers all energy needs of a farmer family from 5-6 people. On it, however, successes of neighbors also come to an end. Though, it is possible to note that in Russia tried to develop mini-thermal power plant on biogas. And it is already considerable step forward.
The electric power – biogas "maturity"
It appears, when using biogas for electricity generation its prime cost will make only 0,025-0,075 dollars for kWh. During that time the electric power from traditional sources costs 0,1-0,15 dollars for kWh. Thus, biogas in 2-4 times is more economic from natural fuel. And it for a long time understood in developed countries. The first experiments on electricity generation from manure in the world were carried out 25 years ago. However the method didn’t find wide application because of its low efficiency.
But since then as a result of experimental works, which were led by group of researchers of university of the city of San Louis Obispo (California, the USA), made significant progress.
Ecological pluses of new fuel
Processing of an organic waste of agricultural production in biogas installations has two ecological plus – a global drowning is displaced in time and pollution of underground waters and a surface of reservoirs ammoniyny connections decreases. Besides, biogas installations reduce use of firewood, than reduce the vyrubyvany woods. And, as result, reduce degradation of soil. Use of 1 m3 biogas instead of 1,3 kg of firewood reduces emissions of carbon dioxide by 2,6 kg. Decrease in emissions of carbon dioxide at the expense of replacement of use of gasoline makes about 1,6 kg on 1 m3. I.e. production of biogas is an important part of a biochemical carbonic cycle of a planet.
Till this moment actions for decrease in a global drowning were reduced , mainly, to reduction of emissions of carbon dioxide – through its high concentration in the atmosphere. Nevertheless, other gases can bear much more bigger greenhouse effect. For example, methane occupies only 20 % of composition of hotbed gases in the atmosphere. And its potential of influence on climate in 23 times more than carbonic. And from processing of one ton of manure decrease in emissions of methane makes about 90 kg to a carbon dioxide equivalent.
The number of issues of methane from agricultural production makes about 33 % of global emissions of methane. The animal husbandry "answers" for 16 %, rice cultivation – for 12 % and a cattle-breeding waste – for 5 %.
Relative potential of an oxide of nitrogen (gas which amuses) for climate change in 320 times more, than potential of carbon dioxide. Production gas which amuses – natural microbiological process which passes during a nitrofikatsiya and a denitrofikatsiya in soils, sewage and recycling systems. Fertilizer of soils and special storage conditions can reduce issues of such gas several times. Researches show that emissions of the mentioned gas can be reduced by 10 % by means of anaerobny processing of a rare waste. And it means the prevention of emissions of 15,7 million tons of an equivalent.
Manure to turn into gold
In EU countries for the solution of questions of bio-energetics considerable funds are annually allocated. And on scientific development about 40 % from total amount, and are spent for demonstration of development – 30 %. The author considers that in Ukraine, it is necessary to develop the appropriate state program which could solve three problems: raw, process of production of biogas, use of received production.
In other words, manure should become richness of the country, such, as fossil mineral fuel.
Table 1. Number of biogas installations which can be constructed in Ukraine
Table 2. Potential of the manure, which suitable for anaerobny fermentation in Ukraine
Factor of suitability it was introduced by analysts to exclude from consideration manure, which not suitable for anaerobny fermentation. The factor considers also reduction of amount of manure which is lost in the summer on KRS pastures. For pork manure the factor of suitability considers reduction of suitable manure for fermentation on farms where apply manure washing off by water.
Table 3. Energy production potential from biogas till 2020
* the Main part of potential of the biomass suitable for receiving biogas, is the share of manure (to 80 %).
Reference
World drowning
Greenhouse effect is caused by existence in the atmosphere of gases which give the chance to solar short-wave radiation to get to Earth surface. And the hotbed film, in turn, detains infra-red radiation from the warm earth. Because of it the average temperature of the atmosphere makes +15°S, instead of – 18°S. The increase in presence at the atmosphere of hotbed gases leads to increase in temperature of the earth, climate change. According to experts of World bank, till 2050 the world drowning will lift a sea level on 50 cm that will cause flooding of coast, a zasoleniye of ground waters and loss of the arable areas.
(On newspaper materials Agrob_znes sogodn i).