Article describes the nature of emergence of hurricanes, cyclones and storm. Possible methods and ways of the prevention of these spontaneous phenomena are considered.
Beyond the UNKNOWN
The riddle hiding secret
U.Churchill
It would seem, the science reached such level of development that a lot of things can answer to any question, and, really, that throughout centuries tormented and excited minds of people, today it seems such simple and clear. A lot of things, but not all … No scientists can answer, from where and why there is a poltergeist phenomenon as there were strange drawings in Nask’s desert why there are color rains that forces whales to jump out on coast, and million lemmings to migrate for thousands kilometers … It is possible to build assumptions, to put forward hypotheses, but unequivocally to answer why it occurs, it is impossible. It seems that despite technical progress, mankind will be surprised still for a long time, after all in the world there is a lot of unknown.
And to that is outside of understanding the real heading is devoted to riddles of the nature.
1. hurricanes
Hurricanes and storm – natural cataclysms. Bear huge destructions, ecological disasters, loss of human life. The science looks for long ago ways of elimination of these phenomena, however is capable while only on not a long-term forecast. Recently by means of space researches certain data on the reasons of emergence of hurricanes and on possible "levers" of taming of their force are obtained.
The beginning – tropics. They – the hottest place on Earth. Being in a zenith, the Sun strongly heats up a land and the ocean which superficial temperature appears the highest. Middle and polar latitudes manage much less solar heat. To avoid a tropical overheat and evenly to distribute heat on a planet, the nature put in action air and sea currents (monsoons, trade winds, Gulf Stream) which because of the sluggishness don’t consult completely with a problem of global transfer of heat. Tropical cyclones, vortical streams in the atmosphere, giving faster and effective branch of solar energy to the aid come from an akvatorialny zone. The most powerful and destructive cyclones – tropical storm and hurricanes. Without them Earth would be threatened by "heatstroke", probably, more terrible, than hurricanes. It is not possibly to affect their destructive energy. Lightnings – too an inevitable stage of development of a thunder-storm, but the lightning conductor B. Franklin, unsuccessfully called a lightning rod, them successfully eliminates.
In Atlantic Europeans got acquainted with tropical hurricanes after discovery of America. The ships and the whole flotillas perished from the furious storms christened by admiral F. Befort by hurricanes. On the classification entered by this seafarer in 1802, the storm – is a tropical cyclone with speed of a wind more than 17 m/s, hurricane – the wind tears sails, its speed more than 33 m/s, the main hurricane – speed over 50 m/s (about 200 km/h). The maximum speed of a wind in hurricane reached 550 km/s. The American researcher U.Redfild correctly described hurricanes as uniform spiral structures (1831). The subsequent supervision from satellites confirmed this model and allowed to track hurricane development from the moment of origin and to define transits. The branched-out service of tracking hurricanes now works.
The train of terrible Atlantic hurricanes material losses from which are estimated in billion dollars, and victims – hundreds and thousand lives, falls on our time (the past end – the beginning of a new eyelid): Hugo (1989), Andrew (1992), Opal (1995) Mitch (1998). Charlie, Freneis, Ivan, Jeanne (2004). In 2005 passed twenty one hurricanes, among which especially destructive the steel Katrina, Rita, Sten, Vilma, flooded New Orleans and destroyed oil platforms in the Gulf of Mexico. Recently chains of hurricanes, the following one after another on one way are observed.
The tropical cyclone developing into hurricane, arises where water temperature not less than 26 degrees. Strong evaporation sates a whirlwind with water vapor, and a small gradient (difference) of speed of a wind on height of a whirlwind which supports convective cloudy cells (its power "batteries"), let’s to a cyclone break up to small whirlwinds. Correlations of hurricanes with other weather phenomena are noticed: circulation of winds in a stratosphere, rains in the Western Africa, the phenomena of El Niño (a mysterious drowning of water in the Pacific Ocean – it is planned to the publication).
Hurricane – is independently developing thermodynamic system (the thermal Monte Corno car) in which there are two temperature levels: high (ocean temperature), low (upper atmosphere) and the heat-carrier – water vapor. While hurricane moves over the ocean, its force accrues, but, having left on a land, it loses touch with a power source and for some days fades, having managed to do a lot of trouble. Destructive force of hurricane not only in huge power of a wind, but also in an abundance of the moisture causing pouring rains, floods, sat down, collapses.
Remains obscure why hurricanes are formed in strictly certain places (Atlantic – at coast of the Western Africa, Pacific – near Philippines and Indonesia) and during the special moments of time whereas during other time the same by the form tropical cyclones don’t become hurricanes. Still the mechanism of emergence of a cyclone in which begins as on the machine gun to work "Monte Corno car" isn’t understood. As there is the necessary shake-up, that starting mechanism that gives rise to primary independent whirlwind.
Attempts to bridle hurricanes are undertaken from 1980th years when models of their development were created. The task at least was put to lower, exhaust their force on the way to settlements or to withdraw them aside. At "A hurricane eye – the central part of a whirlwind in diameter of 20-50 km, bordered with a dense wall of clouds and well visible in pictures from space, fired powerful charges, stopped to cause on purpose iodic preparations artificial loss of a precipitation, how to do it with cumulonimbus clouds on approaches to Moscow in days of holidays. The hurricane deprived of water vapor should lose the mechanical force. These measures gave nothing. On a way of hurricane put the icebergs which are urgently delivered from coast of Greenland with hope to "damp" its ardor. Hurricane was carried by, without being late and without noticing barriers. These measures for a whirlwind which energy made 1017 joules with face-to-face density about 100 J/cm2 are too weak.
The frontal attack on hurricanes of the American Air Force, called the StormFary program (Rage of a storm) lasted and terminated twenty years in a total failure. More careful forecasting by means of space means is required. In business the specialized weather satellites conducting supervision with geostationary and low orbits will be involved.
Frequency of hurricanes is changeable, their activity that fades, raises. As well as other weather phenomena, hurricanes can be initiated by the Sun. Solar activity is cyclic. The 11-year cycle characterized by number of dark stains on a disk of the Sun is known. At first sight solar influence on hurricanes doesn’t prove to be true, which activity doesn’t follow a 11-year cycle. However the analysis for intervals of 20-30 years confirms such dependence.
In the 1980th years there were attempts to influence clouds of the coronary emissions flying to Earth, letting out on their way artificial streams of plasma from satellites. Huge solar clouds simply didn’t notice these barriers: our equipment is too weak, that them to affect. Possibility of rendering of advancing impact on a radiating belt is now studied, having exhausted it some days before arrival of mass emission so the stream of getting enough sleep particles will be weakened. Artificial reduction of concentration of the charged particles of a radiating belt of Earth – the real fact. However, it is reached in the rough way – nuclear explosions in space. To operate going radiation it is necessary in more civilized and safe way. Methods can be different, from chemical and physical dispersion of the particles, conducting to absorption of the charged particles, before attempt to influence powerful impulses of a radio emission on an ionosphere for the purpose of change of its conductivity.
Creation of space "lightning rod", probably, becomes protection against hurricanes, still inevitable natural disasters.
Demal.
(On materials of Russian editions).