In this article recommendations about an agrotechnology of cultivation of summer barley are made. The high-quality structure of seeds of the summer barley prepared for realization by the APP UAAN Crimean institute is given.
Barley – culture high-yielding, drought-resistant, low-exacting to growth conditions, especially in comparison with wheat
Barley – culture high-yielding, drought-resistant, low-exacting to growth conditions, especially in comparison with wheat. Protein of barley contains a set of irreplaceable amino acids, including the especially scarce – a lysine and triptofan. Barley is widely used in a svinovodstvo for preparation of compound feeds. Even the skarmlivaniye of insignificant quantity to its cattle promotes strengthening of health of animals in the stall contents in the winter. Beneficial influence of barley on increase of a yaytsenoskost of poultry is noted.
In our zone barley is presented by winter and summer forms. The separate group is represented by the two-handles cultivated both by winter, and summer grades. Winter and summer barley are equally demanded, supplement and vzaimozameshhayut each other.
Let’s stop on the short characteristic of barley summer which sowing will begin already soon. Thanks to the biological features it remains a good component in a set of cultures of a field crop rotation. It has rather short vegetative period, it early releases the areas under the following culture. In a zone of cultivation winter grain summer barley use as insurance culture.
Considering biological features of this culture, region soil climatic conditions, applying progressive agrotechnology, in the Crimea it is possible to receive 35-45 centners of grain from hectare.
Requirements to growth conditions
Grain of barley sprouts at temperature 1-3°S, shoots it without a special damage transfer frosts to – 6°S. Barley strongly suffers from fast increase of positive temperatures in a kushcheniye phase – an exit in a tube. It spends water more economically, than wheat, a rye and ovyos. A lot of moisture demands only in the first growth phases. High insistence of barley to fertility of the soil is caused by underdeveloped root system.
Agrotechnology
The best predecessors for summer barley – cultures which leave a field pure from weeds, with enough of readily available nutrients and poorly drying up the soil. These requirements are answered propashny, leguminous and, in the last turn, by sternevy predecessors. Today summer barley is sowed after winter grain more often and is frequent on a final field of a crop rotation. Repeated crops of summer barley are undesirable.
Soil processing under summer barley on the sternevy predecessor consists in postharvest loosening of the soil by disk harrows on depth to 10 see. After emergence of shoots of weeds and fruit drop the repeated disking on depth 10-12 is necessary see. A repeated disking, especially if there passed good rains, surely. The littered field is a nursery of wreckers, diseases and myshevidny rodents. In September-October carry out the main processing of the soil.
For thirty years we studied various ways of processing of the soil in a field crop rotation of stationary experience. Under summer barley carried out plowing or loosening without a layer turn on 20-22 cm and disk or ploskorezny loosening on 12-14 see. In different years insignificant deviations on productivity in this or that party, but on the average ways of the main processing of the soil were sometimes observed didn’t influence efficiency of summer barley, its timeliness and quality had bigger value.
Processing of the soil start in the spring, at achievement of physical ripeness of the soil when degree of a podsykhaniye provides with it good dyeing. In our zone, often in the early spring (it at us can come and in February windows), weather cold, the soil yet didn’t get warm, and moisture losses as a result of strong winds increase every day. Therefore to define exit time in the field for crops early summer and, in particular, summer barley, rather difficult. A basic purpose of preseeding processing of the soil – its alignment as on carefully cut surface losses of moisture are reduced and preconditions for uniform seal of seeds to the soil are created.
Fertilizers
Summer barley is sympathetic on introduction of mineral fertilizers. To bring them it is necessary during the main processing of the soil. Throughout a progressive tense we studied three backgrounds of a food: natural fertility of the soil (without application of fertilizers) and two options of N40R40 and N60R60 fertilizers. Came to a conclusion that the best dose of introduction of mineral fertilizers under our conditions – N40R40. The crop increase for three rotation of a crop rotation averaged 4,9 c/hectares. Increase of a dose of fertilizers to N60P60neznachitelno increased the content of protein in grain, but didn’t influence productivity. Due to very high prices for mineral fertilizers and low on grain introduction of difficult mineral fertilizers at crops of summer barley by economically effective small doses from – 10 to 30 kg of of century of nitrogen and phosphorus is expedient.
Preparation of seeds for crops
For leveling of action of diseases and wreckers sow the pickled seeds. Recently the question of processing of seeds grain before crops by growth regulators (Gumisol, Fumar, Emistim With, etc.), and also about an inokulyatsiya biological products on the basis of azotfiksiruyushchy and fosforomobilizuyushchy bacteria (Rizoagrin, Rizoplan, Rizoyenterin, KL-9, ADG, BSP etc.) is widely discussed. Growth regulators (best of them for work with seeds of summer barley – Fumar a dose of 10 ml/t or Emistim With the same dose) and microbiological preparations (KL-9 or ADG a dose of 0,455 l/t) promote increase of productivity of summer barley and profitability level, especially at the reduced norms of introduction of mineral fertilizers.
Terms of sowing and norm of seeding
The best terms of sowing of summer barley – superearly and early. How there were weather conditions in our region, the main stocks of moisture collect during the autumn and winter period. With approach of spring, under any weather conditions, moisture is spent quicker, than replenishes at the expense of a precipitation. That barley gave a big crop, moisture therefore early terms of sowing are optimum is necessary to it. The insufficient vlagoobespechennost, high temperature and dryness of air at the beginning of vegetation can lead to decrease in density of shoots, weak rooting of plants etc.
In 2007-2008 as experiment sowed barley in two terms: the first – as soon as possible an exit in the field, the second – a bit later. Crops carried out at norm of seeding of 3 and 4 million vskhozhy grains on hectare. The obtained data are presented in the table.
Efficiency of summer barley on terms of sowing and depending on norms of seeding, c/hectare.
Productivity in ostrozasushlivy 2007 averaged 16,5 c/hectares, in favorable 2008 – 39,8 c/hectares. At superearly term of crops the crop increase on years made 3,0 and 7,3 c/hectares respectively. At later terms of crops, especially in droughty spring, the crop decreases on one third and even half.
The norm vysevasemyan can change depending on fertility and a contamination of a site, the predecessor, quality of the main and preseeding processing of the soil, fertilizers, term and a way of crops and from weather conditions in sowing. Under our conditions optimum norm of seeding – 4 million vskhozhy grains on hectare. An authentic increase of a crop in comparison with norm of seeding of 3 million – 3,8 and 2,9 c/hectares on sowing terms. The norm of seeding should be specified depending on specific conditions taking into account biological features of a grade.
Depth zadelkisemyan influences on their field vsxozhest and the subsequent development of plants. At small seal the knot of a kushcheniye is put close to a surface that negatively affects development of central roots, at deep – sprouts leave weakened on a surface. Both at too small depth of crops, and at too deep seeds can simply be lost. In the first case they appear in the dried-up layer of earth, and in the second – unable to break through on a surface. Rough depth of crops – 4-8 see. At early term of crops, optimum humidity of a sowing layer on heavy soils it is necessary to adhere to smaller seal. Being late with terms, at the dried-up top layer of earth on the southern malogumusny chernozems deeper seal is necessary. A way of crops – ordinary or narrow-rowed.
Care of crops
Postsowing prikatyvaniye annulate shporovymi skating rinks – obligatory agroreception. Thanks to a prikatyvaniye humidity of the soil in an arable layer increases; the soil temperature in a sowing layer raises on 1,4-2,5 wasps that is especially important at superearly term of crops.
Cornyaki in crops not only reduce productivity, but also worsen quality of grain of summer barley as they negatively influence its uniformity, a plenchatost and a chemical composition. Therefore chemical weeding carry out, if in it there is a need when number of weed plants exceeds an injuriousness threshold. At a contamination annual two-submultiple weeds crops process a preparation of group of 2,4 D.Esli there are the weeds resistant to these herbicides, it is necessary to apply Lintur, Cross-country, Granstar, Grodil ultra. Wider spektor of action lateral mixes of herbicides possess.
High-quality structure
Results of the sortoispytaniye which are carried out at the APP UAAN Crimean institute, show that the maximum productivity is provided under our conditions by grades: Stalker, Adapt, Getman, Kazkovy, Vakula, Helios. In droughty years early ripening and semi-intensive varieties, such as the Stalker and Adapt appeared more fruitful. In vlagoobespechenny years late-ripening and intensive grades – Vakula, Helios, Vodogray are allocated. We recommend to have not less than two grades of different type which will ensure the guaranteed crop under any conditions in each economy.
The APP UAAN Crimean institute prepared for realization elite seeds of summer barley of grades the Stalker, Vakula, Helios and the first reproduction of a grade of Kazkovy. There are the documents confirming high quality of seeds.
L.Radchenko, the deputy director on scientific APP UAAN Crimean institute works.
K.Zhenchenko, senior research associate of laboratory of agriculture.