To publications there is a speech about manufacturing for quarter of the century in the Zaporozhye area, so-called thermal pumps. The thermal pump in comparison with any traditional heatgenerator allows to save to 80 % of energy resources. These installations are used for independent heating and hot water supply of inhabited and production rooms. However to buy thermal pumps to save power consumption hurries up nobody.
Today in the world more than 130 million heatpump installations of a various functional purpose are successfully maintained.
Already quarter of the century in the Zaporozhye area so-called thermal pumps are made. Such unit as though extorts warmly from there where it is at least in the most insignificant quantities, accumulates it and, having finished to necessary temperature, submits to system. However to buy thermal pumps to save power consumption hurries up nobody.
Refrigerator inside out
Today in Ukraine cost of production of heat depends on a type of the energy carrier: once natural gas, then - diesel fuel and an electricity was the cheapest. But to develop all this it is expensive.
The thermal pump in comparison with any traditional heatgenerator allows to save to 80 % of energy resources! It "takes away" the thermal energy which has been saved up for a thermal season, from soil, rocky breed or the lake. Snow can be a source of heat even. After all heat which is taken away from cooled products, that is warmth of formation of snow and its cooling, is allocated from our household refrigerator and warms space behind it.
The thermal pump is as the ordinary conditioner, but in a return cycle. After all the conditioner can work and for heating. Thermal pumps work by the same principle, and expenses go only on heat-carrier circulation.
The thermal pump by definition is, on the one hand, a power source for any system of heating and hot water supply, with another – a cold source for central air. The direction of transmission of energy in the thermal pump to opposite natural direction in the nature, after all warmth flow from a hot body to the cold.
The thermal pump is the unique installation which makes in 3-7 times more thermal energy, than consumes electric (which the compressor "is fed"). These installations are used for independent heating and hot water supply of inhabited and production rooms, cooling and maintenance of the constant water temperature used for production cycles that allows to supervise and regulate temperature modes of heat-carriers.
Big plans
The concept of development of fuel and energy complex of Ukraine for 2006-2030 provides increase in volume of production of thermal energy at the expense of thermotransformers, thermal pumps and accumulative electroheaters from 1,7 million. Gcal/year in 2005 to 180 million. Gcal/year in the 2030th, that is more, than in 100 times. Undoubtedly that with the corresponding support of the state it could be big incentive in real, instead of declared introduction of energy saving technologies.
Economical abroad
Today in the world more than 130 million heatpump installations of a various functional purpose are successfully maintained. In Norway though extract natural gas, the gas pipeline is absent, they don’t provide with gas of consumers, except the industry. There are the power plants working at all types of fuel, first of all, taking into account an available biomass. The second example Sweden where about 20 % of energy are developed at the expense of thermal pumps. It is huge percent. The last 30 years this country practically refused traditional sources. Swedes have oil, gas and the electric power make about 10 % in consumption structure. And all the rest – at the expense of renewable sources, and, first of all, thermal pumps.
In America individual houses, a bungalow are built along all highways, gas there don’t pull. With an electricity you will not cover all loadings and it is possible to be ruined. Therefore in every third cottage there are thermal pumps. For example, the well, there water temperature always makes the way
+8-9os, at the expense of heat selection from a well the inhabited object is heated.
In 2000 in the USA (mainly the class "air-air") more than fifty major companies were engaged in researches and production of thermal pumps. The total of working thermal pumps by 2003 exceeded 25 million. In the USA the stable gain of sold heatpump installations (TNU) for more than 20 years is observed.
In Japan annually is made and on sale to 500 thousand TNU of a various functional purpose and about 5 million heatpump systems. This capital equipment for providing with heat of housing stock.
In Europe of 77 % of thermal pumps use as heat source external air though in Sweden (there the most powerful installations in the world), Switzerland and Austria prevail the thermal pumps which are taking away heat from soil. In Norway in this plan a bigger variety – for the end of 1999 there was in operation of 27200 heatpump installations. From them 67 % used as heat source air, 19 % – water and soil.
In due time understood need of introduction of economical technologies and for China where demand for reversive thermal pumps in 1985 made 500 thousand units, and to 2003 – reached 18 million. In it China surpassed Japan more, than twice.
In Germany for systems of heating and hot water supply use thermal pumps of bigger capacity with a drive of compressors from diesel and gas engines and utilization of exhaust gases.
In Georgia air central airs on the basis of TNU at Semtredsky tea factory, Sagaredzhaysky dairy combine in Pitsunda’s kursaal, a klimatobalneologichesky clinic in Gagry, shopping center Sukhumi are maintained. In Russia the JSC Energiya group (Novosibirsk) and a complex "Teplomash", JSC Kirov Plant (St.-Petersburg) let out heatpump installations in capacity from 10 to 3000 kW. It is expected that by 2010 the operating TNU park in Russia will develop to 20 million. The Gcal is warm, and in 2015–more than 45 million. Gcal. In the city of Divnogorska plan to use warmth of water of Yenisei. It will allow to lower an annual expense of the electric power on heating and hot water supply of the city to 40000 MWt/h, to save budgetary funds of the city (100 million rubles a year.) Cost of all project – 400 rub. That is in 4 years of an expense completely will pay off.
The total amount of sale of thermal pumps let out abroad makes $125 billion that exceeds world volume of sale of arms three times. Annual growth of number of such systems established almost in thirty countries, is estimated at 10 %. And it not a limit, after all there money is able to consider. According to data of the International power agency (IEA), by 2020 in world developed countries the share of heating and hot water supply by means of thermal pumps should make 75 %.
Versions of thermal pumps. Soil – water (the soil thermal pump)
Soil has property to keep solar warmly for a long time that provides rather uniform level of temperature of a source of heat for all year. It allows to maintain the thermal pump with high power factor. Heat of environment is transferred together with a mix from water and antifreeze (alcohol). Heat fence from soil is carried out by means of laid in it on depth of 1-1,2 m of system of plastic pipes. The minimum distance between the next pipelines – near 1m.
Water – water (the water thermal pump)
Source of heat can be superficial (the rivers, lakes) or soil waters (wells). But if the nonfreezing river nearby flows or there is a lake, it is possible to lay pipes on a bottom, pritopiv cargoes.
Vertical collectors are a system of the long pipes lowered in a deep well (50-150 m). Here the earth patch is necessary all, but expensive boring works are required. On depth always identical temperature – about 10 oC therefore this type of a collector is more effective.
Air – water (the air thermal pump)
Air is especially easy for using as heat source, it is available everywhere and in unlimited quantity.
Advantages of use of heating systems on the basis of thermal pumps:
– high efficiency of transformation of the electric power in comparison with electroheating devices;
– non-polluting technology;
– absence of emissions in the atmosphere of harmful substances and carbonic acid;
– use of an ozonobezopasny type of freon;
– the reliable automatic work of installation which is not demanding continuous presence of the person;
– the minimum operational costs in comparison with other heating systems;
– a long length of life without capital repair (10-20 years: 45 thousand hours for TNU with the piston compressor; 60 thousand hours – for TNU with the screw compressor);
– small dimensions and weight.
Main advantages of application of heatpump technologies:
- high power efficiency;
– ecological purity;
– reliability;
– the combined production of warmth and cold in one installation;
– mobility;
– universality on thermal capacity;
– universality of by the form used low potential energy;
– full automation of work of installation.
Interest to thermal pumps appears and in Ukraine. For example, in Kharkov such installations work at the station, systems are located in soil on depth about 20 meters under parking. Heating of the five-floor house needs the thermal pump in the size about five cubic meters.
Now the municipality of Berdyansk which is famous for aspiration to expediency in municipal economy, showed interest to the thermal pumps working at benthonic sea water. Specialists of Melitopol plant of the Gefm cooling equipment study such possibility. Extracted heat is planned to submit to municipal networks that in the winter to warm and provide with hot water a part of housing stock.
– The project will quickly pay off, – the chief engineer of the Gefm enterprise assures. – If four years earlier were for this purpose necessary, now spent money "will beat off" somewhere in two and a half years.
Technical and economic calculations show that fuel expenses in heat supply systems on the basis of thermal pumps for objects of housing and communal services can be reduced in comparison with large heating boiler rooms in 1,2-1,8 times, in comparison with small boiler rooms and individual heatgenerators – in 2-2,6 times, and in comparison with electroheaters – even in 3-3,5 times.
In NPP Insolar together with SP Mash of NAN of Ukraine a series of thermal pumps for engineering procedures of drying is created. Drying installations are successfully applied to soft drying of wood, ceramics, plaster molds, vegetables and fruit, medicinal herbs, food. Laboratory and industrial researches showed that energy consumption on
1 kgudalyaemy moisture can be lowered in 2-4 times in comparison with the traditional dryer. Sharing of heat and cold allows to cool the dried-up material that is very important when drying raw materials for agricultural production.
On materials Ukrainian technical newspaper.