In this article the agrotechnology of cultivation of corn is offered. The main emphasis becomes on fight against weeds. Use of the mechanized technology is offered.
The late spring, temperature fluctuations and periodiyochesky precipitation introduced some amendments in terms of crops of corn.
Because of unstable weather conditions of the first dekady May in a number of areas of Ukraine corn crops zavershitsya after established periods.
Is predicted to sow corn more than 2 million hectares, and to receive gross collecting grain of this culture about 8 million tons.
For receiving such collecting grain there are quite real possibilities:
• the most part of crops of corn is placed on luchyoshy predecessors and zyablevy plowing;
• the volume of mineral udobyoreniye which are brought in ryadka at crops considerably increased.
Moreover, for crops hybrids of all biological groups of corn with a potential uroyozhaynost of 70 – 116 c/hectares – the Shot of 195 SV, the Flint of 200 MB, the Shot 267, Gift 347, Sokolov 407, Dneprovsyoky 473 were used, etc.
Now there came the responsible period in a corn vyrashchivayoniya – care of its crops. It seems that it will be not simple.
It is known that the autumn period of the past year in the absence of moisture in the soil didn’t promote massovomu to germination of weeds and most their complete destruction at the main processing of the soil. Not udalos them completely to destroy and at preseeding processing of the soil.
On our supervision, dynamics of germination semyan weeds during the spring period was the extremely nizyoky. Therefore mass germination annual sornyakov is expected after crops and emergence of shoots of corn.
As to long-term korneotpryskovy sornyaka – a sow-thistle pink, it already appeared on kukuyoruzny fields and it is necessary to fight against it all imeyushhimisya agrotechnical and chemical priemami.
Weeds in modern agriculture are one of the most strong factors, sderzhiyovayushchy production of corn. The covering size weeds of crops of corn quite often makes 25-30 %, and at strong size of a covering – to 50 %. Weeds for the vegetative period use in 2-3 times more water and nutrients, than corn plants.
These figures show, what irreparable harm weeds can put to crops of corn if not to take timely and effective measures on their destruction. Yield losses at an average zasoyorennost of corn make 25 – 30 %.
Many farms because of high cost gerbicidov had no possibility to use pochvenyony herbicides under preseeding cultivation. At care of crops of corn it is necessary for Poyoetom to use the mechanized technology, koyotory provides a dovskhodovy boronovaniye of crops by average harrows across or on diagonali ryadok in 4 – 5 days prior to emergence of shoots of corn.
This year this idle time agrotechnical the priyoy will promote destruction of sprouting annual weeds and a soil crust after a vyyopavshy plentiful precipitation, and also to prevention of loss of moisture from the soil.
It is necessary to notice that speed of movement of the units completed with average harrows, shouldn’t exceed 7 km/h. The deviation from established srokov a dovskhodovy boronovaniye can lead to damage of tops of sprouts of corn boronami and tractor caterpillars.
At temperature increase there will come a mass proyorastaniye of weeds, growth and development of rasteyoniya will be accelerated. With a view of prevention of rooting of weeds it is very important not to miss carrying out terms poslevskhodovo-go a boronovaniye in a phase 2 – 3 and 4 – 5 of leaves at kukuruzy.
Boronovaniye should be made averages boronami at speed of movement of the unit 4 – 4,5 km/h. The correct selection of harrows and optimum speed of movement of the unit can minimize a povrezhyodeniye of plants of corn and provide the most polyony suppression of weeds.
So, according to Institute of a grain farm at a single boronovaniye in 4 – 5 days prior to a poyavleyoniya of shoots of corn dry mass of weeds:
• before cleaning made 12,2 c/hectares;
• at a grain yield (14 % of humidity) – 57,2 c/hectares;
• at dovskhodovy and to two poslevskhodovy boronoyovaniye respectively – 8,4 c/hectares and 60,5 c/hectares.
In a complex of agrotechnical receptions on the care of crops of corn are applied interrow about -
rabotka of crops. The quantity them usually depends on degree and character of a contamination of crops, water fizicheskix properties of the soil and other factors.
At the mechanized technology, as a rule, provodyatsya two interrow processings:
• the first – in a phase of 5-6 leaves at corn with propoyolochny harrows and depth of loosening of mezhduyoryady 6-8 cm;
• the second – at achievement by plants of corn of 7-8 leaves and height of 18 – 25 cm, weeds on the average 4-5 see. This reception is applied with an isyopolzovaniye of okuchnik, but without pro-half-internal harrows. Speed of movement pro-half-internal agregatov at the first interrow processing not dolzhna to exceed 5-6 km/h, at the second (with okuchnikami) – 8-10 km/h.
It is not necessary to be late with carrying out mezhduryadyony processings as it leads to yield losses.
According to Institute of a grain farm, otkloneyony terms of carrying out the first interrow obrayobotka for 7 – 14 days from optimum (the phase 5 – leaves) reduces a grain yield on 0,22 – 0,36 t/hectares, and for 21 days – to 0,51 t/hectares.
With a view of timely and high-quality carrying out the mechanized care of corn crops neobxodimo to each economy to prepare cars and tools on leaving, to complete them with workers organami, strictly to adhere to scientific and praktichesyoky recommendations.
Wide application of the mechanized leaving
promotes destruction of a considerable kolicheyostvo of weeds. However the high potential zayosorennost not always provides with weeds of crops of corn their complete eradication that is connected with the hydrothermal conditions, different terms of germination of seeds of weeds and organizational miscalculations. Therefore with sornyakami it is necessary to apply to successful fight poslevskhodovy gerbicidy.
Century CIKOV, manager. department of Institute of a grain farm, the doctor of page – x. the sciences, the deserved agriculturist of Ukraine