Information on one of the most dangerous wreckers of paslenovy cultures is provided in article. Morphological and biological features of the wrecker are described, measures of fight against it are given.
A potato moth – one of the most dangerous quarantine wreckers of paslyonovy cultures: pepper, eggplants, tomatoes (tubers and a vegetative part are damaged), tobacco, and other wild-growing paslenovy
Potato moth – one of the most dangerous quarantine wreckers of paslyonovy cultures: pepper, eggplants, tomatoes (tubers and a vegetative part are damaged), tobacco, and other wild-growing paslenovy. Its favourite culture – potatoes (tubers and a vegetative part are damaged).
This wrecker is widespread in Europe, Asia, Africa, North, Central and South America, Australia, Oceania.
In 1980 in the Crimean quarantine laboratory in the analysis in samples of potatoes which arrived from Saksky and Krasnoperekopsky areas, caterpillars and dolls of a potato moth, and also the tubers damaged by the wrecker were found. For the purpose of identification of borders of an area of distribution of a potato moth places of storage of tubers in 15 areas of the republic were surveyed and measures for localization and elimination of the centers are taken. Later the wrecker was revealed in other areas of Ukraine – in Donetsk, Zaporozhye, Odessa, Kherson, and also in Sevastopol.
In AR Crimea the wrecker is widespread on the territory of 15 areas and 6 cities, 171 settlements, 209 farms, 24553 personal plots, the area of infection for 01.01.2007 made 6652,1 hectares, including: in farms of 5795,9 hectares, on personal plots of 856,2 hectares.
In the southern regions of Ukraine and in the Crimea contamination of plants of potatoes of summer landing can reach 75 %, and a povrezhdennost of tubers-60 of %, with existence of 6 courses of caterpillars on a tuber.
Tubers with courses and excrement of the wrecker under a peel and are badly stored in pulp, more strongly damaged by various diseases, lose a trade dress and quality. The leaves of tobacco damaged by caterpillars of a potato moth, become unsuitable for cigars.
Scope of a wing of this butterfly of 12-16 mm, forward wings brown gray, shirokolantsetovidny, with the blacked-out internal edge; back wings on width are almost equal to lobbies. At males on a first line of a back wing the brush which reaches the wing middle is located. The head and shhupiki light-gray, with yellow cheshuyka, short moustaches dark gray. Egg in length of 0,48-0,8 mm, width of 0,36-0,45 mm, pearl-white, before a caterpillar otrozhdeniye – yellow. A caterpillar, recently otrodivshayasya from egg, length of 1,2 mm, naked, with primary shchetinka, adult in the length of 8-10 mm, flesh-colored or glaucous. A characteristic sign of damage of tubers of potatoes caterpillars, a congestion on their surface of excrement.
Damage of tubers happens two types:
– subepidermalny when caterpillars proburavlivayut a potato thin skin, get into it, make courses almost under the thin skin. The thin skin gradually dries, settles and forms an appreciable hem;
– deeper courses are sent to the tuber middle, outwardly almost imperceptible, twisting, filled with excrement, saprofitny mushrooms settle in them. In diameter they are no more than 2-3 mm, walls are covered with a web. In separate tubers more than 10 caterpillars can develop. Such tubers penetrated by courses, remind a sponge.
The wrecker, as in the field, and in warm storages breeds. In the conditions of the South of Ukraine the potato moth in the field forms 4-5 generatsiya. Caterpillars can transfer sharp fluctuations of temperature and at a promerzaniye of tubers remain live. The crop of tubers of potatoes put on storage, infected with the wrecker, can be completely destroyed during winter storage.
Having finished a food and development, caterpillars leave tubers, leaves, stalks and weave in secluded places (under garbage, on bags, in floor cracks) a hardly noticeable cocoon to which surface particles of the earth, garbage are attached. In 3-4 days turn into a doll.
In vegetation the main stores of a potato moth - weeds: dope ordinary, nightshade black.
Vreditelsposoben rasprostranyatsyavo all stages of development with tubers of potatoes and fruits of paslenovy cultures.
Fytosanitory rules to individuals forbade import of tubers of potatoes, tomatoes, eggplants on the territory of Ukraine from the infected zones or the countries where the potato moth is widespread.
In storages before landing potatoes touch, and vybrakovyvayut tubers with damage signs. It is necessary to land only a healthy landing material superelite, elite and high-quality seed potatoes of the zoned and perspective grades which has been grown up in elite and seed-growing farms, free from quarantine wreckers. In vegetation regularly examine landings of potatoes and reveal courses of caterpillars on leaves. Not less than 5 centimeters are necessary to hill bushes a layer of earth and not to allow an ogoleniye of tubers. It is necessary to destroy weed plants of family paslenovy which are intermediate owners for a potato moth.
During the vegetative period the centers of settling by a potato moth process preparations approved in the List of pesticides and the agrochemicals resolved for application in Ukraine, approved Ukrgoskomissiyey of Cabinet council of Ukraine, (Arrivo, 25 % k.e. (0,16 l/hectares); Bi-58, 40 % k.e. (1,5-2,0 l \hectares).
Processing carry out right after identification of a butterfly of the wrecker. Repeated processings are carried out with an interval of 10-15 days.
Responsibility for performance of processings is assigned to heads of agricultural collective agricultural enterprises, farmer, arendatorsky and other farms, on owners of the land lots, and in the cities – on heads of municipal services. Within alienation of the lands adjoining to iron and highways, responsibility for processings are assigned to heads of the corresponding sites iron and highways, and in collective gardens – on board of gardening collectives.
Civil officers and citizens who break performance of a complex of the established quarantine actions for fight against a potato moth, are made answerable according to the code of Ukraine About administrative offenses, articles 105.
The violation of the rules of fight against quarantine wreckers, diseases of plants and weeds attracts penalty imposing on citizens from four to ten tax-free minima of their income, and on officials – from eight to fifteen tax-free minima of the income of citizens.
A.Ivanchenko, agriculturist-entomologist Krymgoskarantina.