In the publication it is a question of replacement possibility in Ukraine of natural gas on local types of fuel. The big reserve has use of a biomass, straw, the pozhnivny remains and biogas for receiving heat and the electric power. Biogas for obtaining cheap energy on value takes the second place after burning of a firm biomass.
(Termination. The beginning in No. 28.)
Experience of neighbors
The Ekoros center, with support of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia, within a state program Non-polluting power designed two biogas installations. The first of them – "IBGU-1" – is intended for the country estate. Installation processes all organic waste of animals and a bird (5-6 cows, either 50-60 pigs, or 500-600 hens), and also sewer liquid and a household firm waste. The modular principle which is put in a design, gives the chance to increase if necessary allocation of steam to (increase) installation, respectively increasing capacity. Gas which turns out in the bioreactor, is used in a life how also the natural.
Technical and operational characteristics "IBGU-1": the daily volume of raw materials can be from 50 to 200 kg at humidity not less than 85 % and no more than 93 %, daily volume of biogas which is allocated, depending on raw materials volume, 45-35 % of carbon dioxide and total absence of hydrogen sulfide fluctuate from 3 to 12 m3 with the maintenance of 55-60 % of methane. The bioreactor-metantenk in volume 2,2 m3, a gas-holder of wet type in volume 3 m3, a ladder platform, a ladle cart are switched on in a set of installation, tal, a tank for fertilizer storage.
Modular principle which gives the chance to increase consistently productivity, it is put and in a BIOEN-1 installation design – the first Russian farmer mini-thermal power plant. Each module is calculated on manure from 25-30 cows, provides full independence of the centralized electroproviding and covers all energy needs of a farmer family from 5-6 people. On it, however, successes of neighbors also come to an end. Though, it is possible to note that in Russia tried to develop mini-thermal power plant on biogas. And it is already considerable step forward.
The electric power – biogas "maturity"
It appears, when using biogas for electricity generation its prime cost will make only 0,025-0,075 dollars for kWh. During that time, the electric power from traditional sources costs 0,1-0,15 dollars for kWh. Thus, biogas in 2-4 times is more economic some natural fuel. And it for a long time understood in developed countries. The first experiments on electricity generation from manure in the world were carried out 25 years ago. However the method didn’t find wide application because of its low efficiency.
But since then as a result of experimental works, which were led by group of researchers of university of the city of San Louis Obispo (California, the USA), made significant progress.
Ecological pluses of new fuel
Processing of an organic waste of agricultural production in biogas installations has two ecological plus – a global drowning is displaced in time and pollution of underground waters and a surface of reservoirs ammoniyny connections decreases. Besides, biogas installations reduce use of firewood, than reduce the vyrubyvany woods. And, as result, reduce degradation of soil. Use of 1 m3 biogas instead of 1,3 kg of firewood reduces emissions of carbon dioxide by 2,6 kg. Decrease in emissions of carbon dioxide at the expense of replacement of use of gasoline makes about 1,6 kg on 1 m3. I.e. production of biogas is an important part of a biochemical carbonic cycle of a planet.
Till this moment actions for decrease in a global drowning were reduced , mainly, to reduction of emissions of carbon dioxide – through its high concentration in the atmosphere. Nevertheless, other gases can bear much more bigger greenhouse effect. For example, methane occupies only 20 % of composition of hotbed gases in the atmosphere. And its potential of influence on climate in 23 times more than carbonic. And from processing of one ton of manure decrease in emissions of methane makes about 90 kg to a carbon dioxide equivalent.
The number of issues of methane from agricultural production makes about 33 % of global emissions of methane. The animal husbandry "answers" for 16 %, rice cultivation – for 12 % and a cattle-breeding waste – for 5 %.
Relative potential of an oxide of nitrogen (gas which amuses) for climate change in 320 times more, than potential of carbon dioxide. Production gas which amuses – natural microbiological process, takes place during a nitrofikatsiya and a denitrofikatsiya in soils, sewage and recycling systems. Fertilizer of soils and special storage conditions can reduce issues of such gas several times. Researches show that emissions of the mentioned gas can be reduced by 10 % by means of anaerobny processing of a rare waste. And it means the prevention of emissions of 15,7 million tons of an equivalent.
Manure to turn into gold
In EU countries for the solution of questions of bio-energetics considerable funds are annually allocated. And on scientific development about 40 % from total amount, and are spent for demonstration of development – 30 %. The author considers that in Ukraine, it is necessary to develop the appropriate state program which could solve three problems: raw, process of production of biogas, use of received production.
In other words, manure should become richness of the country, such, as fossil mineral fuel.
Table 1. Number of biogas installations which can be constructed in Ukraine
Table 2. Potential of the manure, which suitable for anaerobny fermentation in Ukraine
Factor of suitability it was introduced by analysts to exclude from consideration manure, which not suitable for anaerobny fermentation. The factor considers also reduction of amount of manure which is lost in the summer on KRS pastures. For pork manure the factor of suitability considers reduction of suitable manure for fermentation on farms where apply manure washing off by water.
Table 3. Energy production potential from biogas till 2020
* the Main part of potential of the biomass suitable for receiving biogas, is the share of manure (to 80 %).
Reference
World drowning
Greenhouse effect is caused by existence in the atmosphere of gases which give the chance to solar short-wave radiation to get to Earth surface. And the hotbed film, in turn, detains infra-red radiation from the warm earth. Because of it the average temperature of the atmosphere makes +15°S, instead of – 18°S. The increase in presence at the atmosphere of hotbed gases leads to increase in temperature of the earth, climate change. According to experts of World bank, till 2050 the world drowning will lift a sea level on 50 cm that will cause flooding of coast, a zasoleniye of ground waters and loss of the arable areas.
(On newspaper materials Agrob_znes sogodn i).