The concrete factors influencing quality of stored seeds of grain, namely humidity of seeds and in storage, and also a temperature mode of storage are given in article. Application of a protravlivaniye yields positive results at storage.
Crop increases from good high-grade seeds can make from 10 to 50 % at the average level of 20 %. Therefore it is important correct to keep them before the following crops. Preservation of quality of seeds at storage depends on three major factors: biotic (microorganisms, insects, pincers, rodents), abiotichesky (humidity, temperature, light, composition of air of intergrain spaces), anthropological (technical and technological impacts on seeds in the course of cultivation, cleaning, postharvest processing).
The most popular storage of seed grain – this contents it in a dry condition. Overwhelming number of parties of grain thus xranitsya in packed form (containers, bags, packages). In a sootyovetstviye with a DSTU 2240-93 standard the maximum humidity of seeds of grain crops should make 13-15,5 % in a zavisiyomost from culture and a zone of its cultivation.
However at Institute of a grain farm of UAAN consider that standard humidity should correspond to the ravnoyovesny value, which variously for each agroklimayotichesky zone of seed farming. That is in the southern areas noryomativny humidity should be lower for 1,0-1,5 % on a sravneyoniya with more northern. The standard of humidity depends and on a type of an upayokovka. After all at storage, for example, in air-penetrable packing (paper, a fabric) is created natural moisture exchange of grain with environment, and stay of seeds in such sostoyoyaniye often leads to increase of critical humidity and sharp decrease in quality.
Wide-ranging studies of new technologies of storage of seeds are conducted. Influence of a complex of major factors of storage – different packing materials, humidity, temperature and preparations for a protravlivaniye is studied. It is established that the basic at storage – is a packing material. Seeds in polyethylene packing had above laboratory vsxozhest on the average for 21-24 %, and field for 22-30 % in comparison with application of stanyodartny paper packing.
Positive influence of dense packing increases proyoportsionalno durations of storage. Thus nachalyyony humidity of seeds should be 9-10 %. At higher humidity – 14-15 % – are already necessary to apply paper packing.
Polyethylene packing limits moisture access to semenam and reduces intensity of breath of seeds. Researches pokazali that initial humidity remains in the course of storage without essential changes.
On the contrary, in paper standard packing it changes according to seasons of year. In the summer and in the autumn seeds podsyxayut, and in the winter and in the spring essentially increase the humidity. The interval of its fluctuation averaged 0,9-1,8 % at maksiyomalny deviations to 2,5-3 %, and it led up humidity xranyashhixsya seeds during the separate periods to 16-16,5 %.
Change of humidity "shakes" a fiziologo-biochemical complex of seeds, increases their activity, and also activity of microflora. The increased tone of grain weight leads finally to its premature aging, increase in acid number and decrease vsxozhesti. In poliyoetilenovy packing of such "swing" isn’t present, in it the stayobilny mode of abiotichesky and biotic factors that sposobstvuet to extension of longevity of seeds is created.
The following factor influencing quality of seeds at their hrayoneniye – a temperature mode. Storage in the conditions of ponizhenyony temperatures 8-10°S and 3-5°S provides high sowing campaigns and fruitful properties of a seed material. After 5 years ostavalis higher such indicators, as vsxozhest: laborayotorny on the average for 4-6 %, field for 7-15 %; productivity on 6-13 c/hectares in comparison with a usual temperature mode of a hrayoneniye in semenokhranilishche. At the lowered temperatures soxranilis it is better even damp seeds. Having humidity of 15 %, in usual conditions seeds lost completely the zhiznenyonost by fifth year of storage, and when cooling kept it at level of 61-80 % – laboratory and 31-55 % – field vsxozhesti.
Application of a protravlivaniye gives positive rezultaty at storage. This reception the hraneyoniya protects from warehouse wreckers, and also in the field from a mold and a gniyeyoniya seeds in process. The pickled seeds have vsxozhest on the average above for 5 % in comparison with not pickled.
E.DOBRODOMOVA.
(On newspaper materials To Fermerska a hospodariate).