In this article it is noted that the early grain are sowed as insurance cultures for resowing or podseva the winter. Besides, they are grown up and as the main. In article recommendations about an agrotechnology of cultivation of the early summer grain are made.
To early summer grain in our zone belong: summer barley, oats; it is recommended to sow also spring wheat and summer tritikale.
Summer yachmenv to the Crimea it is sowed, generally as insurance culture for podseva and resowing of winter barley, and in separate years and the winter wheat, injured adverse conditions of the winter period.
However it has the right to be and in the main crops. The Etaranny and holodostoyky culture is perfectly entered in crop rotations, following for sternevy or sunflower on a waterless valley and a soya, corn, a sorghum and others propashny on an irrigation, being, in turn, integumentary culture for long-term herbs.
In stationary experiences of the APP Crimean institute in the conditions of a waterless valley depending on weather climatic conditions productivity of summer barley in a devyatipolny crop rotation on a waterless valley fluctuated from 15,5 to 55,5 c/hectares.
Grain of barley is used mainly on a forage to cattle, but at many grades which are grown up on our peninsula, it large and steklovidny, suits receiving pearl-barley and yachnevy grain.
Oats – important fodder culture which grain, is irreplaceable in a diet of horses, young growth of other types of cattle, a bird. It and food crop (grain, oat flour). Oats are less exacting to predecessors and are less demanded in production, but its crops – an effective way of fight against diseases of other grain crops.
Spring wheat – the unique insurance grain culture sowed in case the planned areas by winter wheat since autumn or on a case of resowing of the crops which have lost from adverse winter and spring conditions weren’t sowed.
Grain of spring soft wheat goes on bakery, and the summer firm – on pasta.
Summer tritikale – grain culture of the food, technical and fodder direction. Productivity to 60 c/hectares, at high stability to wreckers, diseases and adverse conditions of growth.
Biological features – early summer it is accelerated go to growth and quickly develop. Seeds sprout at temperature +20, shoots are formed at 4-50S, maintain short-term frosts to – 4-60S. These cultures of the increased precocity, economically spend moisture for a unit of production, well respond on level of fertility of the soil, use postaction both organic, and the mineral fertilizers brought under the predecessor.
The best predecessors – sternevy (winter wheat on pure and busy to pairs) leguminous, propashny. Repeated placement of summer barley and oats is inadmissible. It is allowed to sow spring wheat in a row no more than two years. Early summer early release a field and are highly appreciated as predecessors for the subsequent cultures.
The main processing pochvypod the summer – is plowing on 20-22 cm, but on soils with good structure and in the absence of long-term weeds it is possible to replace plowing with ploskorezny loosening on 12-14 see.
The summer grain are sympathetic on introduction of mineral fertilizers which bring under the main processing of the soil. So, N40R40 introduction under the main processing of the soil increases productivity of summer barley on 4,2 c/hectares (average long-term data).
Preseeding preparation of the soil and crops. The main reception of spring processing of the soil is preseeding cultivation on depth of seal of seeds. The best cultivators – KPS-4, KPS-4M, KMS-10-01. If the soil since autumn is prepared, plowed by a plow with a predpluzhnik and in a hitch with a skating rink or a harrow, svalny and razvalny furrows are cut, it is possible to be limited to a boronovaniye heavy zubovy harrows. However, the autumn of last year was very droughty, zyablevy processing not everywhere corresponds to state standard specification therefore not everywhere there will be enough one cultivation. In that case without a gap in time it is necessary to carry out repeated loosening across a field or on a diagonal in relation to the first cultivation, and to use the combined units even better and to be limited nevertheless to one preseeding processing of the soil.
The main conditions of high-quality preseeding processing - moisture preservation, alignment of a field and destruction of weeds. They depend on physical ripeness of the soil, cultivator adjustment. The great value has a timely exit in the field, allowing to define physical ripeness of the soil.
The requirement to preseeding processing of the soil: a deviation from the set depth of ± 1 cm, cutting of weed vegetation of 100 %, overlapping of adjacent passes of 10-15 cm, no more. Flaws, a glybistost, a reversing on a surface of the damp soil – are inadmissible.
Sowing terms – superearly and early as soon as the soil "will keep up" and will cease to stick to working bodies of agricultural tools. In the spring of 2007 summer barley the Stalker sowed in three terms: the first term of crops February windows – on February 15 (productivity of 19,1 c/hectares, rather high for ostrozasushlivy summer); the second term – on March 15, productivity – 16,0 c/hectares; the third term – on April 5, productivity of only 6,7 c/hectares, in 2,8-2,4 times less. Sowed carried out on one field, the same seeds at one norm of seeding (4 million vskhozhy grains on hectare). A difference only in sowing terms.
Norm of seeding of summer barley – 3,5-4,0 million, wheat of 4,5-5,5 million, oats – 4,5-5,0 million, tritikale 4,5-5,5 million vskhozhy grains on hectare. Depth of seal of seeds 4-6 see.
Crops by usual grain seeders with an obligatory prikatyvaniye.
The postsowing prikatyvaniye improves contact of seeds to the soil thanks to what sharply raises field vsxozhest and shoots appear for 1-2 days earlier, than on a neprikatanny site. The skating rink reduces an evaporated surface of the soil, the prikatanny earth quicker and more strongly gets warm.
Agrotechnical requirements to crops: a deviation of norm of seeding of seeds from the established ± 5 %, a deviation from the established norm between soshnik no more than 3 %, a deviation of depth of seal of seeds of ± 1 cm, crushing of seeds no more than 0,3 %. Speed of movement of the sowing unit of 8-10 km/h. High-quality performance of all agrooperations as any of them poor carried out affects the subsequent and finally on productivity of grown-up cultures is obligatory.
High-quality structure. The special attention is deserved by a grade of the Odessa selection. Work practice showed – for our conditions the best – early and heat-tolerant: The stalker and Adapt, their potential productivity to 70 c/hectares. It is especially necessary to note a grade of mid-season summer barley of Vakul. It is the most fruitful in Ukraine – at the reduced norm of seeding (1,5 – 2,0 million vskhozhy seeds on 1 hectare) yield a harvest at level of 50 c/hectares, recommended norm of seeding of 100 kg/hectares. A grade of the high standard of farming, for intensive technologies. Treats brewing barley. On skilled fields of institute within the last three years don’t concede to these grades on productivity two new – Getman and Kazkovy. Getman – a grade of high-intensity agriculture. Potential productivity – to 80 c/hectares. Mid-season. Possesses complex stability to diseases. Kazkovy – vysokozasuxoustojchiv, not polegayushchiya. It is steady against diseases. Mid-season.
Among the zoned grades of oats only two are recommended for a steppe zone: Racer and Chernigov 27. The greatest interest represents a grade Chernigov 27. It became a national standard of Ukraine. Mid-season. Potential productivity of 56-59 c/hectares. From the grades zoned in Ukraine it is damaged by diseases most less, it is steady against an osypaniye. Its feature that it less other grades reacts to deterioration of conditions of cultivation.
For the steppe it is recommended grades of spring wheat Kharkov 18 (summer soft) and Kharkov 23 (summer firm) with productivity to 50 c/hectares, the content of protein of 13-14 %, glutens – 32 %.
For production grades summer tretikale the Stork Kharkov and the Lark Kharkov are recommended. Grades mid-season, highly drought-resistant and high-yielding.
For this time crops of the winter should be under continuous control: their survival rate depends not only on the lowered temperatures during the winter, but also from sharp fluctuations of temperatures during the early-spring period.
Izrezhennye crops winter (winter wheat less than 200 pieces/sq.m, winter barley less than 150 pieces/sq.m) podsevayutsya summer barley norm of seeding 2 – 2,5 million hectares of vskhozhy seeds on hectare. Having sat down it is conducted across ryadok on small speed of movement of the sowing unit, at depth of seal of seeds 5-6 see.
The most izrezhenny crops winter peresevayutsya. Cultivation on depth of seal of seeds and, then, without a gap in time, crops with the subsequent prikatyvaniye annulate shporovymi skating rinks is thus carried out.
K.Zhenchenko, O.Zhuk, research associates of the Crimean institute of agroindustrial production of UAAN