In article it is noted that high and steady grain yields of cultures receive in zernoparovy and zernopropashny crop rotations after pure and busy parov. Pairs provide considerable accumulation of moisture that gives a guarantee of receiving amicable equal shoots winter at their crops in optimum terms.
BUSY PAIRS IN the CRIMEAN AGRICULTURE
In our climatic conditions the crucial role in receiving big crops in the conditions of a waterless valley is allocated for system of agrotechnical actions for accumulation of stocks of soil moisture at the expense of an atmospheric precipitation both to the most reasonable and their productive use.
We receive high and steady grain yields of cultures in zernoparovy and zernopropashny crop rotations after pure and busy parov. Pairs provide considerable accumulation of moisture not only in one-and-a-half-meter, but also in a sowing layer that gives a guarantee of receiving amicable equal shoots winter at their crops in optimum terms.
According to our data (APP Crimean institute), up the time of crops winter in a meter layer of earth on pure to pair collects more than 100 mm, and in sowing more than 15 mm of productive moisture, in occupied steam has less – 70-80 mm and 10-12 mm, respectively. And nevertheless and in occupied pair at timely and its high-quality processing we always receive full shoots. Timely shoots winter, it always pledge of a big crop. Besides, pairs have still a number of advantages before other predecessors: soil clarification from weeds, wreckers, diseases; accumulation of nutrients etc.
Let’s talk about busy pairs. It generally the areas which are sowed winter and summer leguminous on a green forage. Zealous owners prefer them even to the pure. At observance of all agrorequirements the main culture, poseyanny on busy pairs, not much more concedes in productivity of that that poseyana on the pure.
If a field after cleaning of parozanimayushchy culture immediately to process, fertilize and contain till autumn in a pure condition from weeds is there will be an excellent predecessor for winter wheat. In stationary experiences (an average in 28 years) productivity of winter wheat on pure steam made 46,0 c/hectares, on the occupied – 37,1 c/hectares of grain plus 174,9 c/hectares of high-quality cereal and bean green material.
On this field already harvest. Green material feed to cattle, or prepare for the future – on hay, senazh.
The main tasks when processing soil after cleaning of parozanimayushchy culture preservation still available stocks of moisture in the soil, accumulation of moisture of a dropping-out atmospheric precipitation and fight against weed vegetation.
The low standard of farming and the related contamination of fields influence efficiency occupied parov not less, and it is possible, more than humidity of the soil and a stock of nutrients in it. In occupied to pair part of weeds chokes dense steblestoy parozanimayushchy culture, the part is mown, without having been in time obsemenitsya when cleaning parozanimayushchy cultures and the soil with seeds don’t litter. But in the soil still there is a huge stock of seeds of weeds, and except them perennials – kornevishchny and korneotpryskovy (a sow-thistle pink, the bitterling creeping, a birch field, etc.). After cleaning of green material or even in parallel (in process of release of a field from parozanimayushchy culture) carry out a lushcheniye. On the cultivated fields where annual weeds lushcheny prevail carry out disk tools on depth of 6-8 cm and then as there will ascend bulk of weeds, a repeated lushcheniye across or on a diagonal to depth 8-10 see.
At a contamination of the mixed type, i.e. at existence also long-term malicious weeds the second and third lushcheniye is better for carrying out tools with cutting working bodies and depth should be following: the first processing – 8-10 cm, the second and the third, in process of an obrastaniye of sockets of a sow-thistle, the bitterling and other perennials, on depth 10-12 and 12-14 see. On this field the first lushcheniye is carried out by tools of disk type (the soil condensed with harvest equipment) better settles accounts, and it is more expedient to apply lemeshny hoeing plows PPL-10-25 to the subsequent rykhleniye, ploskorezy KPSh-5, KPSh-9, KP7-3,8, KPS-10 or the combined tools.
At a considerable contamination long-term weeds agrotechnical methods of fight against this vegetation are supplemented with application of a number of herbicides.
In separate years when in cleaning of parozanimayushchy cultures, or at once after it will pass a plentiful precipitation, after the first lushcheniye it is expedient to carry out plowing (plows with predpluzhnik in a hitch with annulate shporovym a skating rink or a zubovy harrow) on depth 20-22 see. The soil when plowing should settle accounts well – to crumble. Cutting of svalny and razvalny furrows is obligatory. Ignoring by this agroreception reduces a crop by 2-3 centners. On the plowed soil it is necessary to cut at once a sowing layer to a melkokomkovaty condition what to avoid moisture evaporation from the arable horizon and to provoke shoots of weeds.
In the Crimean steppe the period from cleaning of parozanimayushchy cultures before crops of winter wheat lasts about four months. Quite long. And if we as much as possible use it for fight against weed vegetation and for moisture accumulation, up the time of crops we will have an open country and a moisture stock for receiving shoots.
As to fertilizers? At the slightest possibility in occupied pair is brought by 25-30 t of organic fertilizers and N30R40 of mineral century on. Introduction of this dose in usual years gives 5-7 centners of an increase of a crop of winter wheat, in years with a plentiful atmospheric precipitation (1997, 1998 gg) the increase made 15,4 c/hectares of high-quality grain.
K.Zhenchenko, manager of laboratory of agriculture of the APP UAAN Crimean institute.