In article recommendations about technology of cultivation of oats for a zone of the steppe and woodlands of Ukraine are made. Besides the APP UAAN Crimean institute offers seeds of oats of elite and the first reproduction to realization.
In recent years the areas of crops of oats, in particular in Ukraine, were considerably reduced, and demand for products produced from it grew.
Ovyos it is valuable both food, and fodder culture. The products prepared from grain of oats, differ high nutritiousness, easy comprehensibility, caloric content. These are grain, flakes, oat flour, muesli etc.
Grain of oats is widely used both in dietary and baby food, and in animal husbandry, as the irreplaceable concentrated forage for horses, birds, breeding animals.
Intended for a forage in the green conveyor oats sow on the considerable areas. Joint crops of oats with the bean – viko-oat or gorokho-oat mixes in which these cultures supplement each other are effective. As showed the experiments made by institute, productivity of green material of oats with peas for the last three years made 275,5 c/hectares. On a forage an animal use straw, chaff at which nutritional value is much higher, than at other grain.
Growth and development. Oats – typical summer culture. Its seeds start to sprout at temperature +1 – 20S, however more high temperature is necessary for emergence of shoots – +3-40C. The it is higher, the it is less period of germination of seeds. Shoots of oats maintain short-term spring frosts – - 5-60S. In an initial stage of growth oats quickly grow, cluster, possess a horosheyoblistvennost. Thanks to these svojstvamon more than summer barley, resists to weed vegetation.
At oats more developed root system, than at wheat and barley. Its roots already get into a phase of 2-3 leaflets on depth of 70-80 cm, and in grain formation – on 1,5-2 m. Absorbing ability of roots of oats also the very high.
This culture hygrophilous, but at agrotechnology observance modern grades give quite good crops and in our droughty conditions. It is noticed that in years with insufficient amount of moisture the maintenance of a protein in its grain approximately in 1,5 times is higher, than in days of sufficient moistening.
Predecessors. In crop rotations this culture place after winter, leguminous, propashny and on flax. In the conditions of specialization when the saturation of field crop rotations grain crops reaches 60-70 %, oats play a role of "hospital attendant" as possesses raised ustoychivostyyukkornevy gnilyam. As the undemanding culture to predecessors, oats usually closes crop rotation rotation.
Soil and fertilizer processing. An important problem of processing of the soil – elimination of weeds. Depth of its main processing, quantity of lushcheniye, depend on a number of factors, basic of which – previous culture, a contamination, humidity and soil density.
The standard depth of the main processing – 20-22 cm, on fields pure from weeds it is possible to be limited 12-14 see. In korotkorotatsionny crop rotations at which plow on pure steam, deep main processing of the soil with oborotomplasta directly under ovesne is obligatory.
The root system of oats not only is well developed, but also possesses high ability to acquire almost insoluble nutrients. Therefore to fertilize it it is much easier, than barley and wheat. Oats effectively use fertility of the soil and the nutrients which have remained from previous culture. From food elements the best for it – the nitrogen raising a crop and promoting accumulation of protein in grain. Phosphorus ovyos uses from almost insoluble connections in the soil. If there is a possibility, under the main its processing it is desirable to introduce mineral fertilizers N45R45 dose.
Soil processing is carried out in the spring to a short time. On the fields leveled since autumn it is possible to be limited to a boronovaniye, on the glybisty condensed carry out preseeding cultivation on depth of seal of seeds.
Terms and ways of crops. Terms of crops of oats – superearly and early. The national introduction says: These oats in dirt – you will be the prince. We hold the same opinion: to sow oats it is necessary as soon as possible, but to the "ripe" soil. A way of crops ordinary, more effective – narrow-rowed. Oats with peas on a green forage are sowed at the same time in pure form.
Norms of seeding and depth of seal of seeds. Oats are sowed in pure videnormy from 4 to 5,5 million vskhozhy grains on hectare. In each separate case the norm of seeding should be specified, proceeding from sowing qualities of seeds, terms of sowing, conditions of moistening, fertility of the soil and a field contamination. On sites with a fertile soil and a large supply of soil moisture during crops norm of seeding increase and, on the contrary, at its shortcoming, reduce a little. It is impossible to allow the underestimated norms as it involves an izrezhivaniye steblestoya, a zarastaniye weeds and a crop shortage. Normal density of shoots, and then and steblestoya, is defined not only optimum norm of crops, but also quality of preseeding and sowing works.
The best norm of seeding in the mixed crops – 25-35 kg/hectares of oats and 120-180 kg/hectares of peas (1,0-1,2 million seeds of oats of +1,0-1,8 million seeds of peas). Vick summer with oats it is sowed in a combination of 50 kg/hectares of oats and 100 kg/hectares of Wicca (1,5-1,8 million oats of +1,0-1,2 million Wicca summer). Seeds of oats pickle from golovnevy and other diseases Bental (2-3 kg/t), Raksil (1,5 kg/t), Fundazol (2-3 kg/t) or other recommended protravitel. The timely and qualitative prikatyvaniye provides a crop increase to 3 c/hectares.
Normal depth of seal of seeds – 4-6 see. If spring damp, early – rather small seal if dry, and also at overdue crops apply deeper.
The spring in our region often droughty, windy, the top layer of earth quickly loses moisture and therefore the prikatyvaniye of crops annulate shporovymi skating rinks is necessary. It improves contact of seeds to the soil, promotes increase of daily average temperature of its top layer, increases humidity of an arable layer in a zone of an arrangement of vyseyanny seeds.
Grades. From the grades of oats zoned in Ukraine only three are recommended for a steppe zone – the Racer, Chernigov 27 and Chernigov 28. A grade the Racer passed test by time, it is zoned since 1988 and now its seed farming in Ukraine isn’t conducted.
The best grade for our zone – the Chernigov 27 Nosovsky selection experimental stations, entered in the State register of grades of Ukraine, it – a national standard. This grade for a zone of the Steppe and Polesye of Ukraine is recommended. Version mutika. The whisk of long 15-18 cm, awned ears meet seldom, and thin awns almost are absent. A culm of average thickness, strong, resistant against drowning, height 90-130 see Zernovk white, mass of 1000 seeds – 30-38 g, a plenchatost average – 21-27 %, uniformity – 92 %, a grain exit – 55 %. Flavoring qualities good. A grade resistant against an osypaniye. According to biological data a grade mid-season, its vegetative period lasts on the average 70-90 days. Among the zoned grades less than others it is damaged by diseases and poorly reacts to deterioration of conditions of cultivation. On station-originatora fields productivity made 56-59 c/hectares. In droughty conditions of summer of 2007 on fields of the APP Crimean institute received on 20,9 c/hectares, and in more favorable 2008 – 30,4 c/hectares.
Leaving for posevamizaklyuchaetsya in fight against weed vegetation. At a strong contamination in a phase of a kushcheniye more effective to apply such herbicides as Bazagran (2-4 l/hectares), Dialen (1,7-2,2 l/hectares), Lontrel (0,2-0,6 l/hectares), the Cowboy (120-190 ml/hectares), etc. In some cases, when in the field there are no malicious perennials, it is possible to be limited to a boronovaniye of crops.
Cleaning. The mixed crops of oats with bean usually place on busy pairs. On a green forage it is better to start mix use at oats exit in a tube. To use on a forage follows immediately after a skashivaniye as peas quickly fade. The oat and pea mix on a silo should be cleaned in a phase of flowering of oats and formation of beans at peas. During this period the mix gives the highest crop of ukosny quality weight.
At oats a little stretched period of maturing as grain in a whisk keeps up non-uniformly. To clean ovyos it is possible both separate way, and a direct kombaynirovaniye. Both ways of cleaning have the positive and negative sides. The choice of a way of cleaning depends on a number of factors: density of crops, a contamination, a druzhnost of maturing of grains in a whisk, equipment existence.
Today it is a high time to think of acquisition of seeds of oats. The APP UAAN Crimean institute offers elite and the first reproduction of a grade Chernigov 27, and also scientific support on technology of its cultivation.
K.Zhenchenko, senior research associate of laboratory of agriculture of the APP Crimean institute.