Article provides the analysis of the developed breeding base in dairy cattle breeding, tells about foreign experience on a golshtinizatsiya of a number of cattle.
SELECTION AND TRANSPLANTATION
Foreign experience
Historically it developed so that the countries of the former Soviet Union have no and soon won’t find breeding base, comparable with base of the leading countries of dairy cattle breeding. The annual yield of milk of Post-Soviet cows four times is less, than Canadian golshtinov.
In meat cattle breeding – too a zero as a result of cultivation of the combined breeds. To escape from this a breeding hole for a start it is necessary to look at cattle which we planted throughout last century critically.
* in Ukraine, in Russia-2502 kg, in Belarus-2381, Kazakhstan-1847 kg.
According to FAO, during the period s1969 on 1989g. worse us in the world yields of milk only in Australia and France (respectively on 13.1 and 4 kg on a cow in a year) grew. And Frenchmen have "justification": they appreciate a milk syroprigodnost above all other indicators. Ten leading countries with more than million livestock had the following annual gain of dairy efficiency: England-38.1 kg, Italy-41, Spain-43.5, Germany – 45.5, Poland-46.3, Ireland-72.5, Japan-74.1, the Netherlands-79.8, the USA-105.4, Canada-123 kg on a cow in a year.
The example of Hungary where 25 years ago counted on golshtinov is in this regard indicative and weren’t mistaken. The average annual gain of efficiency in semi-million golshtinizirovanny herd of the country in 20 years made 125.4 kg (!) on a cow in a year, the yield of milk grew by 2509 kg – with 2339 to 4848 kg. It is the indicator of selection achievements best in the world.
Dairy herd of Ukraine, having shown in 1991g. the same efficiency of cows, as well as in Hungary, added in yields of milk in 15 years of independence on 300 kg (Hungary – 2.5 thousands kg).
Interesting the history turns out if to compare two approaches to cattle selection in the USSR and Canada. Tens profile institutes of the former Union, one thousand doctors and candidates of science last century deduced hundreds unproductive types and breeds, but didn’t lick into shape any of them. Ukraine is presented today by 35 breeds and tens types of cattle (Accusative Rybalko, 2004).
If efforts of a science last century were directed on selection "polishing" of four Russian-Ukrainian historical breeds, it should not to get rid of low-productive horned inheritance today.
In the USA and Canada since 1990 were liquidated, degenerated or appeared on the verge of disappearance of 80 breeds of the cattle which has been earlier delivered by immigrants from all over the world to North America. In this competition of world breeds on a survival the victory on indicators of profitability of production of milk was gained golshtiny, by having Dutch roots.
And "creator" of today’s rekordistka – the simple Canadian farmer, a selection method – intuitive selection of future cows on height in withers and to type of addition, intensity of growth a telok. Growth of efficiency of dairy herd from 3 thousands kg of milk at the beginning of the century to 9-10 thousand kg – at the end. Who won this competition – the Soviet breeding science or the Canadian farmer – the self-educated person, to judge to the reader.
Selectors didn’t argue with the removal concept of "socialist breeds", and bypassing it golshtinizirovali dairy cattle in breeding farms through artificial insemination. For fixing of genetics foreign golshtina masked it under domestic lines and types. Where it was possible to carry out a "pure" golshtinizatsiya of cattle and not to mix it with domestic genetics, today accept congratulations.
For the majority of peasants breeding "educational program" as it is sad, can be tightened not on one ten years. Therefore a problem of today – a mass golshtinizatsiya by artificial insemination of domestic breeds and creation of specialized meat herds in places of a free pasture of cattle.
In Ukraine there is an unjustified face on meat of young growth and low-productive cows a half from which could be reoriented on "meat" reproduction by means of biotechnology in 3-5 years in the dairy and meat direction with high level of profitability.
Selection advantages of transplantation of embryos are shown at simultaneous use of a golshtinizatsiya and meat otkorma. For this purpose the most unproductive part of doyny herd to which the vybrakovka threatens, cover with bulls of meat breeds. Telki from low-yield cows suit for a role of "substitute" mothers which replace embryos from the best domestic and foreign donor cows.
Prizhivlyaemost of the replaced germs – about 50 %. The markets of many countries are open for acquisition of embryos without veterinary restrictions. It is possible to choose golshtina on shirts color (the black and motley and red and motley color, focused respectively for different climatic zones, meat breed – on popularity in the world (Aberdeen-angus, gereford, a limousine, sharole).
For elite and elite cattle breeding the breeding young growth is necessary for getting in the countries of its removal, on the historical homeland. Early successes of the "golshtinizirovanny" countries (Hungary, Germany, Denmark, Holland) aren’t always fixed by type of addition and, as a rule, lose on this indicator to the countries ancestors. Growth in withers European golshtina (to the European yields of milk well matched) is much lower than the Canadian.
In the Post-Soviet countries practical transplantation of embryos was ruined by an impoverishment of farms, lack of a genofund of elite breeds and indifference of the state to biotechnological programs of cultivation of cattle.
Cost of production of one embryo abroad makes 90-170 dollars, under our conditions – is half cheaper, but 50 dollars can’t be lower, differently it will entail decrease in quality of an embriosbor because of economy on gonadotrophins, single tools, skilled work payment.
The actual market cost of an embryo (besides prime cost) is appointed by the owner of the donor according to selection advantages of a cow and a bull.
For the owner, unique on efficiency of a cow trade in embryos can become very favorable business. For production of embryos it is important to have donor cows with very high breeding inclinations.
It is counted up that the selection effect from transplantation of embryos becomes appreciable if in a year not less than 1 % of herd is updated. Now, without waiting favor "from above", any well-founded owner of cattle planning the business for prospect can begin work on improvement of the livestock.
(On magazine materials Animal husbandry of Russia).