In this article funds of biological protection of plants are transferred. Besides, recommendations about their application are made.
Reorganization 2002
Now the system of organic agriculture is very actively propagandized. The idea isn’t the invention of the last years, and has almost century history with the successes and failures. It is natural that this direction had to compete to technologies of intensive agricultural industry which provided high productivity, decrease in labor costs and product cost seriously.
However, intensive agriculture, especially during the period of green revolution, led and to a number of sharply negative moments – to a soil erosion, a zasoleniye and decrease in fertility of soils, resistance emergence at harmful organisms to used chemical means of protection of plants, emergence of new types of phytopathogens and phytophages earlier not representing economic value, to accumulation in the biosphere of substances, toxic for the person, useful fauna and flora.
As a result of it the last 30 years in a counterbalance to intensive agriculture the concept of organic agricultural industry, first of all for the reasons of social character began to extend. Nation health above all.
According to FAO terminology, organic agriculture – is a complex control system of production which stimulates and strengthens wellbeing of an agrarian ecosystem, including biological diversity, biological cycles and biological activity agrocenoza that is reached by use of all possible agronomical, biological and mechanical methods contrary to application of synthetic materials for performance of specific functions in system. I.e. a biological method of protection of plants as the alternative chemical, is the integral component of system for control of wreckers and causative agents of diseases of crops. Only use of natural enemies of phytopathogens and phytophages allows to supervise number of harmful organisms ecologically safe methods.
On the basis of the saved-up experience the JSC Biotekhnika Center enterprise together with izhenerno-institute of technology "Biotechnics", and also other research establishments of CIS countries developed technologies of mass production and application of biological means of protection of plants on various cultures of the closed and open soil.
The Centre Biotekhnika enterprise works at the market of means of biological protection of plants since 2001. During this time by specialists of the enterprise it was done the utmost to return to a biological method its lawful place in systems of protection of plants. In the number, made we, biological means included 10 names of the microbiological preparations possessing fungitsidny, insecticidal, nematitsidny and rodentitsidny activity, and also a complex entomoakarifagov.
Biofungitsida
Trixodermin* – the preparation containing disputes and a mycelium of a mushroom antagonist of Trichodermalignorum, atakzhe produced by a mushroom in the course of production cultivation biologically active substances. Trichodermalignorumpodavlyaet mushroom development of phytopathogenic microorganisms by impact on them a direct parazitirovaniye, the competition for a substratum, allocation of enzymes, antibiotics (gliotoksin, viridin, trixodermin, etc.) and other biologically active substances which oppress development of many types of causative agents of diseases, including bacterial, and also brake reproductive ability of pathogens. It is recommended for protection of plants from alternarioza, askoxitoza, gray decay, white decay, fuzarioza, gelmintosporioza, pitioza, fomoza, fitoftoroza, verticilleza.
Planriz ** – the preparation containing rizosferny bacteria of Pseudomonas fluorescens AP-33, and also produced by them in the course of production cultivation biologically active substances. Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria, getting to the soil together with the processed seeds, actively occupy to a rizosfer (root system) plants and, eating root vydeleniye, produce enzymes and the antibiotics suppressing development root gnily. Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria, except direct suppression of harmful microflora, promote allocation by plants fitoaleksinov which increase immunity of vegetiruyushchy cultures. It is recommended for protection of plants against root and radical gnily, mealy dew, fitoftoroza, fuzarioza on grain, vegetable, fruit and other crops.
Gaupsin – the preparation of insecticidal and fungitsidny action containing two strains of bacteria of Pseudomonas aureofaciens, and also produced by them in the course of production cultivation biologically active substances. It is recommended for protection of plants against diseases of the sheet device and fruit gnily. The plodozhorok damaging fruit crops possesses insecticidal activity concerning the caterpillars of younger age.
Pentafag-"With" – biological fungicid, containing vireos of five strains of bacterial viruses, and also biologically active substances. Pentafag-"With" possesses preventive and medical action against a wide range of bacterioses of fruit and vegetable crops. The correct application of Pentafaga-"With" leads to almost complete suppression of manifestations of a bacterial cancer fruit, a perforated spottiness kostochkovy, an angular spottiness of cucumbers and others pumpkin, a black bacterial spottiness and a bacterial cancer of tomatoes. Pentafag-"With" reduces defeat of plants by mealy dew and parshy. Biologically active substances (BAV) containing in Pentafage-"With", induce stability of plants to diseases, oppress development of phytopathogenic mushrooms and stimulate reproduction of microorganisms antagonists.
It is conventional that microbiological preparations, except protective functions, possess still a number of merits: increase of energy of germination of seeds, stimulation of rostovy processes, effect of an anti-stress at disembarkation of sprouts and saplings in open soil, zemleudobritelny functions – effect of introduction of 30 – 50 % nitric, phosphoric and microfertilizers, increase in duration of fructification of a number of cultures, productivity increase, increase in term of safety and production lezhkost.
Bioinsecticides
Vertitsillin **** – the preparation containing disputes and a mycelium of an entomopatogenny mushroom of Verticillium lecanii. It is recommended for fight against the hothouse whitefly and plant louses in the closed soil.
Boverin – the preparation containing disputes and a mycelium of an entomopatogenny mushroom of Beauveria bassiana. It is recommended for fight against the hothouse whitefly and tripsami in the closed soil.
Bitoksibatsillin **** – the preparation of intestinal action containing bacteria of Bacilius Thuringiensis var. Thuringiensis, and also produced by them in the course of production cultivation albuminous crystals (5-endotoksin and Z-ekzotoksin). Bitoksibatsillin causes oppression of secretion of digestive enzymes and violation of function of intestines of wreckers, ingibiruet a food, narushaetsrokimetamorfoza, reduces fertility of females and viability of the following generations. It is recommended dlyazashity plants of otsosushchy, listogryzushchy and plodopovrezhdayushy wreckers.
Lepidotsid **** – the preparatkishechny action, Bacilius Thuringiensis var containing bacterium. Kurstaki, and also produced by them in the course of production cultivation albuminous crystals (5-endotoksin). At hit in intestines of an insect toxin is modified and cooperates with a gut wall, changing it so that contents of intestines get to a haemo lymph, causing the general paralysis therefore the insect in 2-5 days perishes. More than 40 species of cheshuyekryly insects are recommended for protection of plants against caterpillars of younger age.
Nematitsid
Nematofagin **** – the preparation containing disputes and a mycelium of a predatory mushroom of Arthrobotrys oligospora. It is recommended for protection of plants against gallovy nematodes.
Rodenticide
Baktorodentsid *** – the loose grain weight occupied by highly specialized bacteria of mouse typhus of Salmonella enteritidis var. Issatchenko. It is recommended for fight against the most mass and harmful species of rodents: mice – house, kurganchikovy, wood, the baby; voles – ordinary, red, water.
Entomoakarifagi
Trikhogramma – a sort relating to group of pereponchatokryly, family trixogrammatid, a parasite of eggs more than 60 wreckers of crops. The scoop, a corn moth, a meadow moth and other cheshuyekryly wreckers is recommended for protection of crops against a complex.
Enkarziya (entomofag) – an internal parasite of larvae of the whitefly. It is recommended for application in the closed soil.
Gallitsa afidimiza – the representative of group of flies of family of gallitsa. Larvae eat different types of plant louses. It is recommended for application in the closed soil.
Afidius – a sort relating to group of pereponchatokryly, family afidiid, a parasite of different types of plant louses. It is recommended for application in the closed soil.
Ambliseyus (predatory tick) – a sort relating to group of parazitiformny, family fitosejid. Eats both different types of pincers, and small insects, generally tripsami against which everything is more widely used in the closed soil.
Fitoseyulyus (predatory tick) – a sort relating to group parazitiformny. to family fitosejid. One of most widely applied types for biological fight against a web tick on vegetable and decorative cultures in the closed soil.
Uchityvayaizlozhennoye, we consider that the risks of selkhoztovaroproizvodi-tel connected with the introduction of Ukraine in the WTO, can be successfully compensated by development of competitive organic agriculture as demand for organic products promptly grows and features cenoobrazovaniyana them do this process economically attractive. In 2007 the world market oshhushhaldeficit organic food and fodder in hundreds thousands tons. And prices?! For furazhnyjyachmen were ready to pay on 400 US dollars for ton.
The Ukrainian agricultural industry, possibly, a little that will lose at the organization of organic agriculture (approximately on 1/3 squares of the farmland) as volumes of application chemical udobreniji we in 10 and more times have less than means of protection of plants, than in Europe, and conversion can projtiochen quickly and without serious consequences.
At the same time, for high-grade providing systems of organic agriculture with a complex of biological means of protection of plants a lot of work on development and introduction of new highly effective agents of biological fight is necessary still. Over the solution of these important questions scientists and practicians of the leading scientific and production centers, including ours work.
* – the preparation is registered on June 12, 2007, twisted. And No. 01374
** – the preparation is registered on October 29, 2007, twisted. And No. 01351
*** – the preparation is registered on June 27, 2007, twisted. And No. 01353
**** – a preparation at a finishing stage of registration
Y.Muratov, director of JSC Biotekhnika Center,
G.Bogach managing the central biolaboratory.