In article recommendations about cultivation of vegetable cultures by rassadny way are made. Besides, tables where the expense of seeds, the scheme of landing of vegetable cultures, humidity of air and a substratum is shown are provided.
Distinctive feature of vegetable growing is that in open soil grow up about a half of cultivated vegetable cultures in the rassadny way.
Its main advantage consists in receiving an early crop at the expense of "running" (acceleration) in growth and development of plants in comparison with crops of seeds on a constant place.
Therefore supply of open soil by high-quality sprouts in enough and in the established optimum agrotechnical terms – pledge of receiving big and steady crops of vegetables.
The main attention should be given and preparation of a rassadny nutritious mix. The best nutritious mix for sprouts cultivation that in which there are all three components of organic fertilizers: the aired, well gone wrong low-lying peat, fresh manure humus and the cespitose earth. Such pochvosmes will have optimum number of a food for successful growth of young plants before their disembarkation in open soil.
On terms and technology of cultivation the sprouts happen early (early belokochanny and a cauliflower, a tomato); average (belokochanny cabbage of average terms of maturing, tomato, pepper, eggplant) and late (belokochanny cabbage of late terms of maturing).
Early and average sprouts of vegetable cultures grow up in constructions of the protected soil. Depending on culture and terms of crops use for these purposes winter hothouses under glass, spring film hothouses, hotbeds and tunnel shelters of the Adler type.
Late sprouts grow up in nurseries of open soil.
There are three ways of cultivation of sprouts: bezgorshechny, pottery and cassette technology.
For receiving early production the sprouts are better for growing up in pots and with sword-play (cabbage, a tomato).
For averages and late terms of maturing sprouts grow up bezgorshechny and without sword-play (cabbage, a tomato, pepper, an eggplant).
Sword-play is applied generally at deficiency of the warmed area, lack of seeders of exact seeding, poor sowing qualities of seeds. It is possible to dive practically all vegetable cultures, except plants from family pumpkin (don’t take out damage of root system) and root crops at which the grocery body is formed of own root. Sometimes in the protected soil cucumbers, in this case crops dive carry out to sawdust from which seyanets easily (without damage of roots) it is possible to choose.
The modern cassette technology of cultivation of sprouts is based on a bezpikirovochny way.
According to the Ukrainian scientific research institute of vegetable growing and melon growing and the Southern branch Crimean agrotechnological university of National agrarian university for our conditions cultivation terms, quality indicators, placement schemes, an expense of seeds and a mode of an irrigation of sprouts for open soil the following:
One of the main indicators of quality of sprouts is good safety of its vegetative and generativny bodies after a vysazhivaniye in open soil which is reached it by a hardening from the very beginning of cultivation.
The optimum temperature for germination of seeds of the majority of vegetable cultures makes 20-250 S.Posle of emergence of shoots air temperature in a hothouse reduce, as plants pass to an independent food (during germination seed stocks were used), thus there is a strengthened increase of a podsemyadolny knee. In the conditions of the increased temperatures and especially at a lack of light seyanets are strongly extended and polegayut. Decrease in temperature after emergence of shoots for 4-7 days prevents a pulling. During this time cotyledons are completely developed, reach a normal amount, the real leaf starts to be formed. During this period possibly temperature increase.
Preparation of sprouts for a vysazhivaniye in open soil begins in 15 days. In the first 3-5 days increase ventilation of hothouses. For cabbage of all types and tomatoes it strong, for pepper, eggplants, cucumbers and onions – moderate. At the same time reduce also temperature. The moderate mode of waterings is carried out, raise level of a phosphorus-potassium food. The best is the sprouts hardening at complete removal of a roof over it (except for the periods with frosts and a precipitation). In hotbeds for this purpose remove frames, and in hothouses to clean completely a film difficult therefore optimum conditions in them create at removal of 25-30 % of a covering and lateral ventilation, and also orientation of hothouses from the North to the south the sprouts were shined with sunshine at least within several hours. Optimum term of a hardening of sprouts of 10 days, a hardening slows down more than 10-12 days growth of plants not only in a hothouse, but also in the field.
Optimum modes of temperature, relative humidity of air and humidity of a substratum at sprouts cultivation for open soil are:
Tablica1.
Table 2.
Additional information on technology of cultivation of sprouts of vegetable cultures can be received in department of plant growing of branch of scientific and technical information and agricultural consultation of the Crimean state agrarian educational advice center of t. (0652) 27-65-64, 26-08-79.
G. Tsyplyak, leading expert of department of plant growing of KGA UKTs